Wilson D V
Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1992 Mar;22(2):269-72. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50606-4.
Opioids have a central role in the anesthetic management of small animals, as premedicants, as part of a balanced anesthetic technique, or for the provision of postoperative analgesia. These drugs are safe to use, provide excellent analgesia, and are easily reversible. They cause minimal cardiovascular depression and induce no deleterious renal or hepatic changes. These agents, combined with a sedative, generally provide an ideal anesthetic state.