A comparative study of protein immobilization techniques for optical immunosensors.

This paper presents the results of a study of a number of antibody immobilization techniques for application to optical immunosensors. In particular, well-known methods such as covalent binding and physical adsorption have been extended to the Langmiur-Blodgett method in an attempt to improve the density and possibly the uniformity of orientation of monoclonal antibodies on an optical surface. The surface density of active immobilized antibodies was determined from enzyme immunoassay and their thickness and refractive index were deduced from ellipsometry. It is shown that, although high surface densities (500 ng/cm2) of antibody can be obtained, the major obstacle to the detection of low concentrations of antigens or haptens is the non-specific binding of foreign molecules to the sensing surface.