Sem'yanov A V
Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2005 Mar;35(3):253-66. doi: 10.1007/s11055-005-0003-7.
Glutamate and GABA are the main synaptic neurotransmitters in the hippocampus. However, their actions are not limited only to the local postsynaptic zone. These amino acids can be released into the extrasynaptic space by glutamate and GABA reuptake, glial exocytosis, osmotic shock, and spillover (flowing out of the synaptic cleft). Glutamate and GABA receptors are also located on various parts of neurons and glial cells. Depending on the subcellular distribution of these receptors, their subunit composition, and the matabotropic/ionotropic functions, the effects of extracellular glutamate and GABA differ. The present review discusses the general principles of the organization of diffusion-based glutamatergic and GABAergic systems of extrasynaptic neurotransmission, the interaction of these systems with synaptic transmission, and the interaction of diffusion signals with each other.
谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）是海马体中主要的突触神经递质。然而，它们的作用并不局限于局部突触后区域。这些氨基酸可通过谷氨酸和GABA再摄取、胶质细胞胞吐作用、渗透休克和溢出（从突触间隙流出）释放到突触外空间。谷氨酸和GABA受体也位于神经元和胶质细胞的各个部位。根据这些受体的亚细胞分布、亚基组成以及促代谢型/离子型功能，细胞外谷氨酸和GABA的作用有所不同。本综述讨论了基于扩散的突触外神经传递谷氨酸能和GABA能系统组织的一般原则、这些系统与突触传递的相互作用以及扩散信号之间的相互作用。
