Lanyi J K, MacDonald R E
Fed Proc. 1977 May;36(6):1824-7.
Vesicles can be prepared from Halobacterium halobium cell envelopes, which contain properly oriented bacteriorhodopsin and which extrude H+ during illumination. The pH difference that is generated across the membranes is accompanied by an electrical potential of 90-100 mV (interior negative) and the movements of other cations. Among these is the efflux of Na+, which proceeds against its electrochemical potential. The relationship between the size and direction of the light-induced pH gradient and the rate of depletion of Na+ from the vesicles, as well as other evidence, suggest that the active Na+-extrusion is facilitated by a membrane component that exchanges H+ for Na+ with a stoichiometry greater than 1. The gradients of H+ and Na+ are thus coupled to one another. The Na+-gradient (Na+out greater than Na+in), which arises during illumination, plays a major role in energizing the active transport of amino acids.
囊泡可从嗜盐菌的细胞膜制备得到，该细胞膜含有取向正确的细菌视紫红质，并且在光照期间会排出H⁺。跨膜产生的pH差异伴随着90 - 100 mV的电势（内部为负）以及其他阳离子的移动。其中包括Na⁺的外流，其逆着电化学势进行。光诱导的pH梯度的大小和方向与囊泡中Na⁺消耗速率之间的关系，以及其他证据表明，一种以化学计量比大于1将H⁺与Na⁺交换的膜成分促进了Na⁺的主动外流。因此，H⁺和Na⁺的梯度相互耦合。光照期间产生的Na⁺梯度（Na⁺外大于Na⁺内）在为氨基酸的主动运输提供能量方面起主要作用。
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