Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N
School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Homo. 2005;56(1):17-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2004.07.004.
In order to compare linear dimensions made by traditional anthropometric techniques, and those obtained from three-dimensional coordinates, samples of four indigenous southern African populations were analysed. Linear measurements were obtained using mathematically transformed, three-dimensional landmark data on 207 male crania of Cape Nguni, Natal Nguni, Sotho and Shangaan. Univariate comparisons for accuracy of the transformed linear data were made with those in a traditional linear study by de Villiers (The Skull of the South African Negro: A Biometrical and Morphological Study. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg) on similar samples and equivalent landmarks. Comparisons were not made with her Penrose (Ann Eugenics 18 (1954) 337) analysis as an apparently anomalous 'shape'-'size' statistic was found. The univariate comparisons demonstrated that accurate linear measurements could be derived from three-dimensional data, showing that it is possible to simultaneously obtain data for three-dimensional geometric 'shape' and linear interlandmark analyses. Using Penrose and canonical variates analyses of the transformed three-dimensional interlandmark measurements, similar population distances were found for the four indigenous southern African populations. The inter-population distance relationships took the form of three separated pairs of distances, with the within-pair distances very similar in size. The cranial features of the four populations were found to be overall very similar morphometrically. However the populations were each shown by CVA to have population specific features, and using discriminant analyses 50% or more of the individual crania (with the exception of the Sotho) could be referred to their correct populations.
为了比较传统人体测量技术得出的线性尺寸与从三维坐标获得的线性尺寸，对四个南部非洲本土人群的样本进行了分析。线性测量是通过对207个来自开普恩古尼、纳塔尔恩古尼、索托和尚加纳的男性颅骨的三维地标数据进行数学变换后获得的。将变换后的线性数据的准确性与德维利尔斯（《南非黑人的头骨：生物测量与形态学研究》，威特沃特斯兰德大学出版社，约翰内斯堡）在类似样本和等效地标上进行的传统线性研究中的数据进行单变量比较。未与她的彭罗斯分析（《人类遗传学》18（1954）337）进行比较，因为发现了一个明显异常的“形状”-“大小”统计量。单变量比较表明，可以从三维数据中得出准确的线性测量值，这表明有可能同时获得三维几何“形状”数据和地标间线性分析的数据。使用彭罗斯分析和变换后的三维地标间测量的典型变量分析，发现四个南部非洲本土人群的种群距离相似。种群间距离关系呈现为三对分开的距离，每对距离的大小非常相似。发现这四个人群的颅骨特征在形态测量上总体非常相似。然而，通过典型变量分析表明，每个人群都有特定于种群的特征，并且使用判别分析，50%或更多的个体颅骨（索托人群除外）可以被归为其正确的种群。
