Redondo E, Franco A J, Masot A J
Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extramadura, 10.071 Cáceres, Spain.
J Anat. 2005 Jun;206(6):543-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00409.x.
The red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. To date, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants, and none of the red deer. We therefore performed a histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the omasum in the red deer. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. For test purposes, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: Group I (1.4-3.6 cm crown-rump length, CRL; 30-60 days, 1-25% of gestation); Group II (4.5-7.2 cm CRL; 67-90 days, 25-35% of gestation); Group III (8-19 cm CRL; 97-135 days, 35-50% of gestation); Group IV (21-33 cm CRL; 142-191 days, 50-70% of gestation); and Group V (36-40 cm CRL; 205-235 days, 75-100% of gestation). At 67 embryonic days, the omasum wall was differentiated, and comprised three layers: the epithelial layer, pluripotential blastemic tissue and serosa. The stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by changes in its structure, with the appearance of four laminae of different sizes; in order of appearance these were: primary at 67 days, secondary at 90 days, tertiary at 97 days and quaternary at 135 days. At around mid-gestation, lateral evaginations were formed from the stratum basale of the primary and secondary smaller laminae. These were the primitive corneum papillae. From 205 days, the corneum papillae were present in all four sizes of laminae. The histodifferentiation of the lamina propia-submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa showed patterns of development similar to those reported for the rumen and reticulum of red deer. The omasum of red deer during prenatal life, especially from 67 days of gestation, was shown to be an active structure with full secretory capacity. Its histological development, its secretory capacity (detected by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides) and its neuroendocrine nature (detected by the presence of positive non-neuronal enolase cells and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y) were parallel to the development of the rumen and the reticulum. However, its prenatal development was later than that of the omasum in sheep, goat and cow.
马鹿是一种重要的研究物种，因其在国民经济中的价值以及能提供丰富的遗传物质。迄今为止，对反刍动物胃的产前发育研究甚少，对马鹿的相关研究则尚无。因此，我们对马鹿瓣胃的个体发生进行了组织学评估。对50个从产前生活初始阶段直至出生的鹿胚胎和胎儿进行了组织形态计量学和免疫组织化学分析。为进行试验，将动物分为五个实验组：第一组（头臀长1.4 - 3.6厘米；30 - 60天，孕期的1 - 25%）；第二组（头臀长4.5 - 7.2厘米；67 - 90天，孕期的25 - 35%）；第三组（头臀长8 - 19厘米；97 - 135天，孕期的35 - 50%）；第四组（头臀长21 - 33厘米；142 - 191天，孕期的50 - 70%）；第五组（头臀长36 - 40厘米；205 - 235天，孕期的75 - 100%）。在胚胎期67天时，瓣胃壁已分化，由三层组成：上皮层、多能胚性组织和浆膜。上皮层的分层伴随着其结构变化，出现了四层不同大小的薄片；按出现顺序依次为：67天时的初级薄片、90天时的次级薄片、97天时的三级薄片和135天时的四级薄片。在妊娠中期左右，初级和次级较小薄片的基底细胞层形成侧向突起。这些是原始角质乳头。从205天起，所有四种大小的薄片中均存在角质乳头。固有层 - 黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜的组织分化显示出与马鹿瘤胃和网胃报道的发育模式相似。马鹿产前生活期间的瓣胃，尤其是从妊娠67天起，被证明是一个具有充分分泌能力的活跃结构。其组织学发育、分泌能力（通过中性粘多糖的存在检测）及其神经内分泌性质（通过阳性非神经元烯醇化酶细胞以及神经肽血管活性肠肽和神经肽Y的存在检测）与瘤胃和网胃的发育平行。然而，其产前发育比绵羊、山羊和奶牛的瓣胃要晚。
