Effects of higher-order harmonics on phase determination in an ultrasonic interferometer.

The effect of higher-order harmonic components on phase determination were analyzed to improve the accuracy of transient time measurement in an ultrasonic interferometer with a quadrature detector system. Under ideal conditions the locus of output signals of the phase sensitive detector forms a circle on the phase plane as the frequency changes and any nonideal factor would distort the circle, leading to erratic phase determination. This analysis has shown that the nth-order contribution to the phase is mostly determined by the product of the amplitudes of corresponding components of the reference and echo signals fed to the phase detector. The distortion parameters were obtained by least-squares fitting of the data to the distorted circle in the phase plane, and compared with those roughly estimated from the frequency components of the reference and echo signals. The exemplary numerical phase corrections for the third-order harmonics were carried out, so as to illustrate the improvement in the accuracy of the ultrasonic interferometer.