Slutske Wendy S, Caspi Avshalom, Moffitt Terrie E, Poulton Richie
Department of Psychologcal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia 65211, USA.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;62(7):769-75. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.769.
Individual differences in dimensions of personality may play an important role in explaining risk for disordered gambling behavior as well as the comorbidity between disordered gambling behavior and other substance-related addictive disorders.
To identify the personality correlates of problem gambling in a representative non-treatment-seeking sample, as well as to determine whether these are similar to the personality correlates of other substance-related addictive disorders and whether individual differences in personality might account for the comorbidity between disordered gambling behavior and other substance-related addictive disorders.
Longitudinal population-based study.
A complete birth cohort of young adults born in Dunedin, New Zealand, between April 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973 (N = 939; 475 men, 464 women).
Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire assessments of personality were obtained at age 18 years; structured interview-based diagnoses of past-year problem gambling and alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine dependence were obtained at age 21 years.
Problem gambling at age 21 years was associated with higher scores on the higher-order personality dimension of negative emotionality (d = 0.90) and with lower scores on the personality dimension of constraint (d = -0.72) measured at age 18 years compared with control subjects who did not have a past-year addictive disorder at age 21 years. Problem gambling was also associated with Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire indicators of risk-taking (d = 0.50) and impulsivity (d = 0.56). The personality profile associated with problem gambling was similar to the profiles associated with alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine dependence. The relations between problem gambling and the substance-related addictive disorders (odds ratios = 3.32-3.61) were reduced after controlling for individual differences in personality (odds ratios = 1.90-2.32).
From the perspective of personality, problem gambling has much in common with the addictive disorders, as well as with the larger class of "externalizing" or "disinhibitory" disorders. Knowledge gained from the study of common personality underpinnings may be helpful in determining where disordered gambling behavior should reside in our diagnostic classification system.
人格维度的个体差异在解释赌博成瘾行为的风险以及赌博成瘾行为与其他物质相关成瘾性障碍的共病现象方面可能发挥重要作用。
在一个具有代表性的非寻求治疗样本中确定问题赌博的人格相关因素，以及确定这些因素是否与其他物质相关成瘾性障碍的人格相关因素相似，以及人格的个体差异是否可能解释赌博成瘾行为与其他物质相关成瘾性障碍之间的共病现象。
基于人群的纵向研究。
1972年4月1日至1973年3月31日在新西兰达尼丁出生的一整组年轻成年人队列（N = 939；475名男性，464名女性）。
在18岁时获得多维人格问卷的人格评估；在21岁时通过基于结构化访谈的方式诊断过去一年的问题赌博以及酒精、大麻和尼古丁依赖情况。
与21岁时没有过去一年成瘾性障碍的对照受试者相比，21岁时的问题赌博与18岁时测量的消极情绪性这一高阶人格维度上的较高得分相关（d = 0.90），与约束人格维度上的较低得分相关（d = -0.72）。问题赌博还与冒险（d = 0.50）和冲动性（d = 0.56）的多维人格问卷指标相关。与问题赌博相关的人格特征与与酒精、大麻和尼古丁依赖相关的特征相似。在控制人格个体差异后，问题赌博与物质相关成瘾性障碍之间的关系（优势比 = 3.32 - 3.61）有所降低（优势比 = 1.90 - 2.32）。
从人格角度来看，问题赌博与成瘾性障碍以及更广泛的“外化”或“去抑制”障碍类别有许多共同之处。从对共同人格基础的研究中获得的知识可能有助于确定在我们的诊断分类系统中赌博成瘾行为应归属何处。
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