Whyte Marie-Claire, McIntosh Andrew M, Johnstone Eve C, Lawrie Stephen M
Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
Schizophr Res. 2005 Oct 1;78(1):13-26. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.018.
Despite evidence for diverse neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia, verbal declarative memory has emerged as a core deficit in the disorder. Similar but less marked impairments have been demonstrated in unaffected biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia, but the nature and extent of the memory impairment in relatives compared to controls is unclear. We have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature investigating declarative memory in unaffected biological relatives of schizophrenics and controls, with the aim of quantifying memory deficits in relatives. The standardised mean difference between groups was calculated for nine measures of declarative memory and two measures of intellectual ability, based on 21 studies of several hundred relatives of schizophrenics and controls. Unaffected relatives showed poorer performance relative to controls on all tests of memory examined. Small to moderate effect sizes, with overlapping 95% confidence intervals, were greatest on immediate (trial 1) list recall (0.65), followed by immediate (0.53) and delayed story recall (0.52). Verbal and general IQ showed smaller standardised mean differences as the latter tests, while the smallest standardised mean difference was shown on delayed visual recall (0.32). Results suggest greater deficits on tests of increasing memory load or which place demands on effective encoding processes but more studies with these tasks are needed. Investigation of sub-groups within these cohorts (e.g. age groups within or beyond the maximum age of risk) is recommended in order to identify deficits specific to the disease process.
尽管有证据表明精神分裂症存在多种神经心理学损害，但言语陈述性记忆已成为该疾病的核心缺陷。在精神分裂症患者未患病的生物学亲属中也发现了类似但程度较轻的损害，但与对照组相比，亲属记忆损害的性质和程度尚不清楚。我们对有关精神分裂症患者未患病的生物学亲属和对照组的陈述性记忆的文献进行了系统综述和荟萃分析，目的是量化亲属的记忆缺陷。基于对数百名精神分裂症患者亲属和对照组的21项研究，计算了陈述性记忆的9项指标和智力能力的2项指标的组间标准化平均差异。在所有记忆测试中，未患病的亲属相对于对照组表现较差。小到中等效应量，95%置信区间重叠，在即时（试验1）列表回忆（0.65）上最大，其次是即时（0.53）和延迟故事回忆（0.52）。言语和一般智商的标准化平均差异在后面的测试中较小，而延迟视觉回忆的标准化平均差异最小（0.32）。结果表明，在记忆负荷增加或对有效编码过程有要求的测试中缺陷更大，但需要更多针对这些任务的研究。建议对这些队列中的亚组（例如风险最大年龄范围内或之外的年龄组）进行调查，以确定特定于疾病过程的缺陷。
