Anderson G, Rorty M V
Medical Genetics Program, Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, PO Box HH, Monterey, CA 93942, USA.
Nurs Ethics. 2001 May;8(3):259-71. doi: 10.1177/096973300100800310.
Human rights legislation pertaining to applications of human genetic science is still lacking at an international level. Three international human rights documents now serve as guidelines for countries wishing to develop such legislation. These were drafted and adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Human Genome Organization, and the Council of Europe. It is critically important that the international nursing community makes known its philosophy and practice-based knowledge relating to ethics and human rights, and contributes to the globalization of genetics. Nurses have particular expertise because they serve in a unique role at grass roots level to mediate between genetic science and its application to public health policies and medical interventions. As a result, nurses worldwide need to focus a constant eye on human rights ideals and interpret these within social, cultural, economic and political contexts at national and local levels. The purpose of this article is to clarify and legitimate the need for an international declaration on nursing, human rights, human genetics and public health policy. Because nurses around the world are the professional workforce by which genetic health care services and genetic research protocols will be delivered in the twenty-first century, members of the discipline of nursing need to think globally while acting locally. Above all other disciplines involved in genetics, nursing is in a good position to articulate an expanded theory of ethics beyond the principled approach of biomedical ethics. Nursing is sensitive to cultural diversity and community values; it is sympathetic to and can introduce an ethic of caring and relational ethics that listen to and accommodate the needs of local people and their requirements for public health.
在国际层面上，仍然缺乏与人类基因科学应用相关的人权立法。目前，有三份国际人权文件为希望制定此类立法的国家提供指导方针。这些文件由联合国教育、科学及文化组织、人类基因组组织和欧洲理事会起草并通过。国际护理界明确阐述其基于伦理和人权的理念及实践知识，并为基因学的全球化做出贡献至关重要。护士具有特殊的专业知识，因为他们在基层发挥着独特作用，在基因科学及其应用于公共卫生政策和医疗干预之间进行协调。因此，世界各地的护士需要始终关注人权理想，并在国家和地方层面的社会、文化、经济和政治背景下对这些理想进行解读。本文的目的是阐明并论证有必要制定一份关于护理、人权、人类基因学和公共卫生政策的国际宣言。由于在21世纪，世界各地的护士是提供基因保健服务和实施基因研究方案的专业劳动力，护理专业人员需要立足本地、放眼全球。在涉及基因学的所有其他学科中，护理专业最有能力阐明一种超越生物医学伦理原则性方法的扩展伦理理论。护理对文化多样性和社区价值观敏感；它能够认同并引入一种关怀伦理和关系伦理，倾听并满足当地人民的需求及其对公共卫生的要求。
