Transcervical sterilization.

The transcervical approach to permanent female sterilization has been studied for more than 150 years. Methods for accessing the tubes via this approach include blind, radiological and visual (hysteroscopic) techniques. Modalities for occluding the fallopian tubes include thermal, chemical and mechanical means. Some combination of the approach and the occlusive method define all known procedures. Initial attempts at transcervical sterilization were not widely adopted due to an inability to occlude the tube reliably, resulting in pregnancy and/or high morbidity from the procedure. Quinacrine sterilization is a procedure that is widely used in the developing world, but this has not been taken up by the developed world. There are limitations in diagnosing tubal occlusion with this technique. New methods for transcervical sterilization include the Essure and the Adiana procedures. These methods involve hysteroscopic placement of devices that rely on both mechanical occlusion and stimulation of tissue ingrowth to effect tubal occlusion. These new devices can be delivered to more than 90% of tubes, have very high success rates of pregnancy prevention (>99% in studies to date) and are acceptable to patients. Most importantly, they can be fitted under local anaesthesia in an ambulatory setting. The cost advantages of transcervical sterilization have not yet been investigated. It is possible that such a modality for permanent female sterilization may be demonstrated to be highly cost-effective.