Nitschke Geoff
Computational Intelligence Group, Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081a, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Artif Life. 2005 Summer;11(3):367-96. doi: 10.1162/1064546054407194.
This review presents a review of prevalent results within research pertaining to emergent cooperation in biologically inspired artificial social systems. Results reviewed maintain particular reference to biologically inspired design principles, given that current mathematical and empirical tools have provided only a partial insight into elucidating mechanisms responsible for emergent cooperation, and then only in systems of an abstract nature. This review aims to provide an overview of important and disparate research contributions that investigate utilization of biologically inspired concepts such as emergence, evolution, and self-organization as a means of attaining cooperation in artificial social systems. An introduction and overview of emergent cooperation in artificial life is presented, followed by a survey of emergent cooperation in swarm-based systems, the pursuit-evasion domain, and RoboCup soccer. The final section draws conclusions regarding future directions of emergent cooperation as a problem-solving methodology that is potentially applicable in a wide range of problem domains. Within each of these sections and their respective themes of research, the mechanisms deemed to be responsible for emergent cooperation are elucidated and their key limitations highlighted. The review concludes that current studies in emergent cooperative behavior are limited by a lack of situated and embodied approaches, and by the research infancy of current biologically inspired design approaches. Despite these limiting factors, emergent cooperation maintains considerable future potential in a wide variety of application domains where systems composed of many interacting components must cooperatively perform unanticipated global tasks.
本综述对生物启发式人工社会系统中涌现合作的相关研究的普遍结果进行了回顾。鉴于当前的数学和实证工具仅能部分洞察阐明涌现合作背后的机制，且仅限于抽象性质的系统，所回顾的结果特别参考了生物启发式设计原则。本综述旨在概述重要且不同的研究贡献，这些研究探讨了如何利用生物启发式概念，如涌现、进化和自组织，作为在人工社会系统中实现合作的手段。首先介绍并概述了人工生命中的涌现合作，接着调查了基于群体的系统、追捕逃避领域和机器人足球比赛中的涌现合作。最后一部分得出了关于涌现合作作为一种解决问题方法的未来方向的结论，这种方法可能适用于广泛的问题领域。在这些章节及其各自的研究主题中，阐述了被认为是涌现合作背后的机制，并突出了其关键局限性。综述得出结论，当前关于涌现合作行为的研究受到缺乏情境化和具身化方法以及当前生物启发式设计方法尚处于研究初期的限制。尽管存在这些限制因素，但在由许多相互作用的组件组成的系统必须协同执行意外全局任务的各种应用领域中，涌现合作仍具有相当大的未来潜力。
