Dewannieux M, Heidmann T
Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, UMR 8122 CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005;110(1-4):35-48. doi: 10.1159/000084936.
Two major classes of retrotransposons have invaded eukaryotic genomes: the LTR retrotransposons closely resembling the proviral integrated form of infectious retroviruses, and the non-LTR retrotransposons including the widespread, autonomous LINE elements. Here, we review the modeling effects of the latter class of elements, which are the most active in humans, and whose enzymatic machinery is subverted to generate a large series of "secondary" retroelements. These include the processed pseudogenes, naturally present in all eukaryotic genomes possessing non-LTR retroelements, and the very successful SINE elements such as the human Alu sequences which have evolved refined parasitic strategies to efficiently bypass the original "protectionist" cis-preference of LINEs for their own retrotransposition.
长末端重复序列（LTR）逆转录转座子与传染性逆转录病毒的前病毒整合形式极为相似，以及非LTR逆转录转座子，包括广泛存在的自主长散在核元件（LINE）。在此，我们综述后一类元件的建模效应，这类元件在人类中最为活跃，其酶促机制被颠覆以产生大量“二级”逆转录元件。这些包括加工假基因，天然存在于所有拥有非LTR逆转录元件的真核生物基因组中，以及非常成功的短散在核元件（SINE），如人类Alu序列，它们已经进化出精细的寄生策略，以有效地绕过LINEs自身逆转录转座时最初的“保护主义”顺式偏好。
