Osorio D, Vorobyev M
School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 Sep 7;272(1574):1745-52. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3156.
This review outlines how eyes of terrestrial vertebrates and insects meet the competing requirements of coding both spatial and spectral information. There is no unique solution to this problem. Thus, mammals and honeybees use their long-wavelength receptors for both achromatic (luminance) and colour vision, whereas flies and birds probably use separate sets of photoreceptors for the two purposes. In particular, we look at spectral tuning and diversification among 'long-wavelength' receptors (sensitivity maxima at greater than 500 nm), which play a primary role in luminance vision. Data on spectral sensitivities and phylogeny of visual photopigments can be incorporated into theoretical models to suggest how eyes are adapted to coding natural stimuli. Models indicate, for example, that animal colour vision--involving five or fewer broadly tuned receptors--is well matched to most natural spectra. We can also predict that the particular objects of interest and signal-to-noise ratios will affect the optimal eye design. Nonetheless, it remains difficult to account for the adaptive significance of features such as co-expression of photopigments in single receptors, variation in spectral sensitivities of mammalian L-cone pigments and the diversification of long-wavelength receptors that has occurred in several terrestrial lineages.
这篇综述概述了陆生脊椎动物和昆虫的眼睛如何满足对空间信息和光谱信息进行编码的相互竞争的需求。对于这个问题没有唯一的解决方案。因此，哺乳动物和蜜蜂利用它们的长波长感受器进行无色觉（亮度）和颜色视觉，而苍蝇和鸟类可能分别使用不同的光感受器来实现这两个目的。特别是，我们研究了“长波长”感受器（在大于500纳米处有最大灵敏度）之间的光谱调谐和多样化，这些感受器在亮度视觉中起主要作用。视觉光色素的光谱敏感性和系统发育数据可以纳入理论模型，以表明眼睛是如何适应对自然刺激进行编码的。例如，模型表明，涉及五个或更少宽泛调谐感受器的动物颜色视觉与大多数自然光谱非常匹配。我们还可以预测，特定的感兴趣对象和信噪比将影响最佳眼睛设计。尽管如此，仍然难以解释诸如单个感受器中光色素的共表达、哺乳动物L锥体色素光谱敏感性的变化以及在几个陆生谱系中发生的长波长感受器多样化等特征的适应性意义。
