Calculation of immersion doses from external exposure to a plume of radioactive material.

The immersion doses from external exposure to a Gaussian plume of noble gases accidentally released into the atmosphere have been calculated. A numerical integration procedure employing Gauss-Legendre of 64th order has been used. The numerical procedure allows calculating the dose rate at any downwind horizontal or vertical distance. The dose rates were calculated using various forms of gamma dose build-up factors, including Linear, Berger and Geometric Progression (GP). The GP form, having an extraordinarily precise formulation, is a favored choice because the build-up factor levels off for large distances and does not increase exponentially as does the Berger form. The Linear form much under predicts the build-up and subsequently the dose rates for large distances from the source. The dose predictions using a simple uniform cloud model (that does not use any form of build-up factor) is also presented for comparison purposes. The comparison of dose rates with the already reported results indicated that the numerical procedure could be used for dose calculations from a Gaussian plume for all downwind and crosswind distances. The comparison of dose rates obtained using different forms of the build-up factors indicated that the Geometric Progression form was a favored choice and has a wider range of applicability as compared to the Linear or Berger form. The simple uniform cloud model for dose calculations is only suitable for plume centerline doses and should be used with caution for off-center distances.