Burgdorf Jeffrey, Panksepp Jaak
Department of Psychology, J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(2):173-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.001. Epub 2005 Aug 15.
Compared to the study of negative emotions such as fear, the neurobiology of positive emotional processes and the associated positive affect (PA) states has only recently received scientific attention. Biological theories conceptualize PA as being related to (i) signals indicating that bodies are returning to equilibrium among those studying homeostasis, (ii) utility estimation among those favoring neuroeconomic views, and (iii) approach and other instinctual behaviors among those cultivating neuroethological perspectives. Indeed, there are probably several distinct forms of positive affect, but all are closely related to ancient sub-neocortical limbic brain regions we share with other mammals. There is now a convergence of evidence to suggest that various regions of the limbic system, including especially ventral striatal dopamine systems are implemented in an anticipatory (appetitive) positive affective state. Dopamine independent mechanisms utilizing opiate and GABA receptors in the ventral striatum, amygdala and orbital frontal cortex are important in elaborating consummatory PA (i.e. sensory pleasure) states, and various neuropeptides mediate homeostatic satisfactions.
与对恐惧等负面情绪的研究相比，积极情绪过程及相关积极情感（PA）状态的神经生物学直到最近才受到科学关注。生物学理论将积极情感概念化为与以下方面相关：（i）在研究内稳态的学者中，表明身体正在恢复平衡的信号；（ii）在支持神经经济学观点的学者中，效用估计；以及（iii）在培养神经行为学观点的学者中，趋近及其他本能行为。确实，可能存在几种不同形式的积极情感，但它们都与我们和其他哺乳动物共有的古老的皮层下边缘脑区密切相关。现在有越来越多的证据表明，边缘系统的各个区域，特别是腹侧纹状体多巴胺系统，在预期性（欲求性）积极情感状态中发挥作用。利用腹侧纹状体、杏仁核和眶额皮质中的阿片受体和GABA受体的多巴胺非依赖机制，在阐述 consummatory PA（即感官愉悦）状态方面很重要，并且各种神经肽介导内稳态满足。
