Liu Yongsheng
Department of Horticulture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
Riv Biol. 2005 May-Aug;98(2):305-22.
Although Mendel is now widely recognized as the founder of genetics, historical studies have shown that he did not in fact propose the modern concept of paired characters linked to genes, nor did he formulate the two "Mendelian laws" in the form now given. Furthermore, Mendel was accused of falsifying his data, and Mendelism has been met with scepticism because of its failure to provide scientific explanation for evolution, to furnish a basis for the process of genetic assimilation and to explain the inheritance of acquired characters, graft hybridization and many other facts. Darwin was the first to clearly describe almost all genetical phenomena of fundamental importance, and was the first to present a developmental theory of heredity--Pangenesis, which not only greatly influenced many subsequent theories of inheritance, particularly those of de Vries, Galton, Brooks and Weismann, but also tied all aspects of variation, heredity and development together, provided a mechanism for most of the observable facts, and is supported by increasing evidence. It has also been indicated that Darwin's influence on Mendel, primarily from The Origin, is evident. The word "gene" was derived from "pangen", itself a derivative of "Pangenesis" which Darwin had coined. It seems that Darwin should have been regarded as the pioneer, if not of transmissional genetics, of developmental genetics and molecular genetics.
尽管孟德尔如今被广泛公认为遗传学的奠基人,但历史研究表明,他实际上并未提出与基因相关的现代成对性状概念,也未以现在给出的形式阐述两条“孟德尔定律”。此外,孟德尔被指控伪造数据,而且孟德尔主义一直受到怀疑,因为它未能为进化提供科学解释,未能为遗传同化过程提供基础,也未能解释后天性状的遗传、嫁接杂交及许多其他事实。达尔文是第一个清晰描述几乎所有重要遗传现象的人,也是第一个提出遗传发育理论——泛生论的人,该理论不仅极大地影响了许多后来的遗传理论,尤其是德弗里斯、高尔顿、布鲁克斯和魏斯曼的理论,还将变异、遗传和发育的各个方面联系在一起,为大多数可观察到的事实提供了一种机制,并且得到了越来越多证据的支持。还有迹象表明,达尔文对孟德尔的影响,主要来自《物种起源》,是显而易见的。“基因”一词源自“泛子”,而“泛子”本身是达尔文创造的“泛生论”的衍生物。似乎达尔文即使不是传递遗传学的先驱,也应该被视为发育遗传学和分子遗传学的先驱。