Lindsay F E, Semple S, Robertson A, Cherrie J W
Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, Scotland, UK.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2006 Jan;50(1):85-94. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mei037. Epub 2005 Sep 26.
There are currently no appropriate methods for measuring dermal exposure to volatile agents. To address this we have produced a prototype Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) dermal sampler consisting of an adsorbent sandwiched between a permeable membrane and an impervious backing. The concentration of solvent on the membrane surface may be estimated from the mass collected on the adsorbent and the known permeation rate through the membrane. We have developed the prototype IOM dermal sampler for measurement of toluene exposures. Evaluation of the prototype sampler was undertaken in two stages: laboratory performance in controlled exposure situations and two short-field evaluations, which included simultaneous measurement of inhalation exposure. In all cases we compared the prototype IOM dermal sampler with activated charcoal cloth (ACC). Laboratory trials were split into spray, pour and immersion tests. The data from these suggest that the sampler responds to concentration rather than the mass on the surface of the sampler. The field study showed that the prototype sampler was suitable for measuring dermal exposure. However, the mean permeation rate of the best membrane was 78 000 mug cm(-2) h(-1), which is higher than the permeation rate through skin. This high permeation rate created difficulties throughout the study, particularly as it allowed the adsorbent to become rapidly saturated. The prototype IOM dermal sampler is the first practical dermal exposure sampler to mimic uptake through the skin. The sampler gave reproducible results in the laboratory and field trials. Future work is required to identify a less permeable membrane, which has characteristics closer to that of human skin. Additionally, a higher capacity adsorbent would be desirable. We have demonstrated a major difference when calculating the total contribution to body burden via the dermal exposure pathway using the prototype IOM dermal sampler and ACC patches, 1.5% of the total body burden compared with 95%. The prototype IOM dermal sampler provides a more biologically relevant exposure metric than the alternatives.
目前尚无测量皮肤对挥发性物质暴露量的合适方法。为解决这一问题，我们制作了一个职业医学研究所（IOM）皮肤采样器原型，它由夹在可渗透膜和不透水背衬之间的吸附剂组成。膜表面溶剂的浓度可根据吸附剂上收集到的质量以及已知的透过膜的渗透速率来估算。我们已开发出用于测量甲苯暴露量的IOM皮肤采样器原型。对该采样器原型的评估分两个阶段进行：在受控暴露情况下的实验室性能测试以及两次短期现场评估，其中包括对吸入暴露的同步测量。在所有情况下，我们都将IOM皮肤采样器原型与活性炭布（ACC）进行了比较。实验室试验分为喷雾、倾倒和浸泡测试。这些测试数据表明，该采样器对浓度有反应，而非对采样器表面的质量有反应。现场研究表明，该采样器原型适用于测量皮肤暴露量。然而，最佳膜的平均渗透速率为78000微克/平方厘米·小时，高于透过皮肤的渗透速率。这种高渗透速率在整个研究过程中造成了困难，尤其是它使吸附剂迅速饱和。IOM皮肤采样器原型是首个模拟经皮肤吸收的实用皮肤暴露采样器。该采样器在实验室和现场试验中给出了可重复的结果。未来需要开展工作来确定一种渗透性更低的膜，其特性更接近人体皮肤。此外，需要一种吸附容量更高的吸附剂。我们已经证明，使用IOM皮肤采样器原型和ACC贴片计算经皮肤暴露途径对身体负担的总贡献时存在重大差异，分别为全身负担的1.5%和95%。与其他方法相比，IOM皮肤采样器原型提供了一个更具生物学相关性的暴露指标。
