Available medical choices for the management of menopause.

The age at which menopause occurs is a critical factor in the magnitude of its consequences. Most of the medium-to-long-term effects of oestrogen deprivation depend on their duration. The timing of the last menstruation is therefore important, but hypoestrogenic amenorrhoea during the reproductive age is also a relevant factor in the evaluation of individual risks. In recent years, moving post-menopausal women from the lowest point of ovarian hypofunction has been the most important motivation for developing guidelines for the hormonal management of menopause. However, recent data suggest that this may be associated with an unacceptable increase in morbidity in a number of women. Concerns about long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) at menopause have recently enhanced interest in a group of molecules that act on the oestrogen receptor with selective effects, known as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Of these, Raloxifene has been approved for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, and exhibits a pattern of actions particularly well matched to the needs and concerns of post-menopausal women. Further studies on SERMs may open up new vistas in patient-specific management of post-menopausal health. Finally, debates on the specific health consequences of menopause deal mainly with the risk of chronic disease. Gynaecologists and other health professionals would be advised to develop intervention strategies at menopause according to the continuum of a woman's life, beginning at the post-menarche and extending into later life.