Broadband measurements of the frequency dependence of attenuation coefficient and velocity in amniotic fluid, urine and human serum albumin solutions.

The frequency dependence of attenuation coefficient in amniotic fluid, urine and 4.5% and 20% human serum albumin solutions over the frequency range 5 MHz to 25 MHz was measured at both room temperature and physiological temperature using a variable path length technique. A 15 MHz (13 mm diameter) transducer was used to produce a broadband single-cycle pulse and a 4 mm diameter bilaminar polyvinylidene difluoride membrane hydrophone was used to detect the attenuated pulse. Standard time-of-flight measurement techniques were used to measure the acoustic velocity in the same fluid samples. At physiological temperature, the attenuation coefficients in amniotic fluid, urine and 4.5% and 20% human albumin solution were found to be 0.0053 f(1.65), 0.0047 f(1.67), 0.019 f(1.57) and 0.167 f(1.27) dB cm(-1), respectively, where f is in MHz. The velocities in amniotic fluid, urine and 4.5% human albumin solution at physiological temperature were found to be 1541.1 m s(-1) +/- 1.3 m s(-1), 1551.3 m s(-1) +/- 1.3 ms(-1) and 1547.3 m s(-1) +/- 1.0 m s(-1), respectively. The results provide unique data over the diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasonic frequency range that can be used as input data for theoretical models that attempt to simulate nonlinear pressure fields and temperature rises from medical ultrasonic transducers.