Harford Andrew J, O'Halloran Kathryn, Wright Paul F A
Key Centre for Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT-University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia.
Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Nov 30;75(4):330-42. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.005. Epub 2005 Oct 17.
There are limited data concerning the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental pollutants on Australian freshwater fish and consequently many of the Australian water quality guidelines are based on data from exotic fish species. This study used a flow cytometric assay to assess the effect of in vitro exposures to commonly used pesticides, on the phagocytic function and cellular composition of head kidney cells from four Australian native fish, i.e. crimson-spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis), silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) and Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii). Head kidney immune cells were isolated from the four native fish and incubated (1 x 10(6) cells/mL) under previously optimised conditions to measure the phagocytosis of fluorescent-latex beads. These cell cultures were exposed to three classes of pesticides, i.e. the organotins, tributyltin and dibutyltin, the organochlorine endosulfan and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. The in vitro organotin exposures were highly immunotoxic to head kidney cells from the Australian fish, although there were some differences in immunotoxic responses between species. At the highest concentration (i.e. 10 mg/L), endosulfan exposure resulted in the modulation of phagocytic responses in all species except for silver perch. Chlorpyrifos displayed little immunotoxicity, although there was a dose-dependent reduction in Murray cod lymphocytes. These studies describe the first investigation of the phagocytic response of Australian freshwater fish immunocytes in the presence of environmental pollutants, and will help to determine appropriate ecotoxicity testing for Australian freshwater environments.
关于环境污染物对澳大利亚淡水鱼的致死和亚致死效应的数据有限，因此许多澳大利亚水质指南是基于外来鱼类物种的数据制定的。本研究使用流式细胞术检测方法，评估体外暴露于常用农药对四种澳大利亚本土鱼类（即红斑虹银汉鱼（Melanotaenia fluviatilis）、银鲈（Bidyanus bidyanus）、河鲈（Macquaria ambigua）和墨累鳕鱼（Maccullochella peelii））头肾细胞吞噬功能和细胞组成的影响。从这四种本土鱼类中分离出头肾免疫细胞，并在先前优化的条件下进行培养（1×10⁶个细胞/毫升），以测量荧光乳胶微球的吞噬作用。这些细胞培养物暴露于三类农药，即有机锡化合物三丁基锡和二丁基锡、有机氯农药硫丹以及有机磷农药毒死蜱。体外有机锡暴露对澳大利亚鱼类的头肾细胞具有高度免疫毒性，尽管不同物种之间的免疫毒性反应存在一些差异。在最高浓度（即10毫克/升）下，硫丹暴露导致除银鲈外的所有物种的吞噬反应发生改变。毒死蜱几乎没有显示出免疫毒性，尽管墨累鳕鱼淋巴细胞数量存在剂量依赖性减少。这些研究首次描述了在环境污染物存在的情况下澳大利亚淡水鱼免疫细胞的吞噬反应，将有助于确定适合澳大利亚淡水环境的生态毒性测试。
