Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Fish Immunology Group, CISA-INIA, Madrid, Spain.
Front Immunol. 2022 Feb 28;13:835767. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835767. eCollection 2022.
There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing concepts to assess chemical hazards to fish, however, do not consider immunotoxicity. Over recent years, the application of assays for ecotoxicological hazard assessment has gained momentum, what leads to the question whether assays using piscine immune cells might be suitable to evaluate immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish. systems using primary immune cells or immune cells lines have been established from a wide array of fish species and basically from all immune tissues, and in principal these assays should be able to detect chemical impacts on diverse immune functions. In fact, assays were found to be a valuable tool in investigating the mechanisms and modes of action through which environmental agents interfere with immune cell functions. However, at the current state of knowledge the usefulness of these assays for immunotoxicity screening in the context of chemical hazard assessment appears questionable. This is mainly due to a lack of assay standardization, and an insufficient knowledge of assay performance with respect to false positive or false negative signals for the different toxicant groups and different immune functions. Also the predictivity of the immunotoxicity assays for the immunotoxic response of fishes is uncertain. In conclusion, the currently available database is too limited to support the routine application of piscine assays as screening tool for assessing immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish.
人们越来越意识到，一系列环境化学物质会针对鱼类的免疫系统，并可能损害鱼类对传染性病原体的抵抗力。然而，现有的评估鱼类化学危害的概念并没有考虑免疫毒性。近年来，用于生态毒理学危害评估的检测方法的应用得到了迅猛发展，这就引出了一个问题，即使用鱼类免疫细胞的检测方法是否适合评估环境化学物质对鱼类的免疫毒性潜力。已经从多种鱼类物种和基本上所有免疫组织中建立了使用原代免疫细胞或免疫细胞系的 系统，这些检测方法原则上应该能够检测化学物质对不同免疫功能的影响。事实上，检测方法已被证明是一种有价值的工具，可用于研究环境因子通过何种机制和方式干扰免疫细胞功能。然而，就目前的知识水平而言，这些检测方法在化学危害评估背景下进行免疫毒性筛选的有用性似乎值得怀疑。这主要是由于缺乏检测方法的标准化，以及对不同毒物组和不同免疫功能的假阳性或假阴性信号的检测方法性能缺乏了解。此外， 免疫毒性检测方法对鱼类免疫毒性反应的预测能力也不确定。总之，目前可用的数据库还太有限，无法支持将鱼类 检测方法常规应用于筛选评估环境化学物质对鱼类的免疫毒性潜力。
