Petersen Inge, Bhana Arvin, McKay Mary
School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Child Abuse Negl. 2005 Nov;29(11):1233-48. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.02.012. Epub 2005 Nov 2.
South Africa is reported to have one of the highest rates of sexual violence in the world, with adolescent girls between the ages of 12-17 being particularly at risk. Given that adolescence is considered a critical developmental period for establishing normative sexual behavior, this study explored multiple levels of risk influences that render adolescent girls vulnerable to becoming victims of sexual violence and adolescent boys vulnerable to becoming perpetrators of such abuse in one South African community.
A case study approach using qualitative rapid focused ethnographic methods was used. This involved 10 focus group interviews and 10 individual interviews with a volunteer convenience sample of adolescent boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 16 years.
Inductive thematic analysis revealed that there were indeed multiple levels of risk influences for adolescent girls and boys becoming either victims or perpetrators of sexual violence. Using the Theory of Triadic Influence as a framework, influences at the distal socio-cultural/environmental level included traditional notions of masculinity and normalization of inter-personal violence as well as poverty and the commodification of sex leading to rape supportive attitudes. Influences at the proximal situation context/social normative level included high-risk social norms as well as a weak adult and community protective shield. Finally, influences at the intra-personal level included low self-esteem and self-efficacy as well as inter-personal affective anger.
Given the multiple levels of risk influences that need to be addressed to protect youth from becoming either perpetrators or victims of sexual violence in the South African context, prevention programs should necessarily be comprehensive, developmentally timed, and community-based.
据报道，南非是世界上性暴力发生率最高的国家之一，12至17岁的少女尤其面临风险。鉴于青春期被认为是确立规范性行为的关键发育阶段，本研究探讨了多个层面的风险影响因素，这些因素使南非一个社区的少女容易成为性暴力的受害者，而少男则容易成为此类虐待行为的实施者。
采用定性快速聚焦人种志方法的案例研究方法。这包括对14至16岁的青少年男孩和女孩的志愿者便利样本进行10次焦点小组访谈和10次个人访谈。
归纳主题分析表明，青少年男孩和女孩成为性暴力受害者或实施者确实存在多个层面的风险影响因素。以三元影响理论为框架，远端社会文化/环境层面的影响因素包括传统的男性气质观念、人际暴力的常态化，以及贫困和性商品化导致支持强奸的态度。近端情境/社会规范层面的影响因素包括高风险的社会规范以及薄弱的成人和社区保护屏障。最后，个人层面的影响因素包括低自尊和自我效能感以及人际情感愤怒。
鉴于在南非背景下，需要解决多个层面的风险影响因素以保护青少年不成为性暴力的实施者或受害者，预防项目必须全面、符合发展阶段且基于社区。
