Skall H F, Olesen N J, Mellergaard S
Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Arhus, Denmark.
J Fish Dis. 2005 Sep;28(9):509-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00654.x.
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. So far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including North America, Asia and Europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, Norway pout and flatfish from northern European waters. The high number of VHSV isolations from the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak, the North Sea and waters around Scotland indicate that the virus is endemic in these waters. The VHSV isolates originating from wild marine fish show no to low pathogenicity to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, although several are pathogenic for turbot. Marine VHSV isolates are so far serologically indistinguishable from freshwater isolates. Genotyping based on VHSV G- and N-genes reveals four groups indicating the geographical origin of the isolates, with one group representing traditional European freshwater isolates and isolates of north European marine origin, a second group of marine isolates from the Baltic Sea, a third group of isolates from the North Sea, and a group representing North American isolates. Examples of possible transfer of virus from free-living marine fish to farmed fish are discussed, as are measures to prevent introduction of VHSV from the marine environment to aquaculture.
近几十年来，从越来越多的野生海洋鱼类中分离出了病毒性出血性败血症病毒（VHSV）。到目前为止，已从北半球至少48种鱼类中分离出该病毒，包括北美洲、亚洲和欧洲的鱼类，以及来自北欧水域的15种不同鱼类，包括鲱鱼、西鲱、鳕鱼、挪威长鳍鳕和平鱼。在波罗的海、卡特加特海峡、斯卡格拉克海峡、北海以及苏格兰周边海域大量分离出VHSV，这表明该病毒在这些水域呈地方性流行。源自野生海洋鱼类的VHSV分离株对虹鳟和大西洋鲑的致病性较低或无致病性，不过有几种对大菱鲆具有致病性。到目前为止，海洋VHSV分离株在血清学上与淡水分离株无法区分。基于VHSV G基因和N基因的基因分型揭示了四个组，表明了分离株的地理来源，其中一组代表传统的欧洲淡水分离株和北欧海洋来源的分离株，第二组是来自波罗的海的海洋分离株，第三组是来自北海的分离株，还有一组代表北美分离株。文中讨论了病毒从野生海洋鱼类向养殖鱼类转移的可能实例，以及防止VHSV从海洋环境传入水产养殖的措施。
