Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Murphy C J, Smith C, Kubai M, Christopherson P, Ethier C R, Levin A V
Department of Ophthalmology, M158, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8, and Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
Eye (Lond). 2007 Jan;21(1):83-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702163. Epub 2005 Nov 18.
Woodpeckers possess mechanisms protecting the eye from shaking/impact. Mechanisms available to woodpeckers but not humans may help explain some eye injuries in Shaken Baby syndrome (SBS).
Gross dissection and histologic examination of eyes and orbits of seven woodpeckers.
All birds showed restricted axial globe movement due to the tight fit within the orbit and fascial connections between the orbital rim and sclera. The sclera was reinforced with cartilage and bone, the optic nerve lacked redundancy, and the vitreous lacked attachments to the posterior pole retina.
Woodpecker eyes differ from human infants by an inability of the globe to move axially in the orbit, the sclera to deform, and the vitreous to shear the retina. These findings support current hypotheses that abusive acceleration-deceleration-induced ocular injury in human infants may be related to translation of vitreous within the globe and the globe within the orbit. The woodpecker presents a natural model resistant to mechanical forces that have some similarity to SBS.
啄木鸟拥有保护眼睛免受震动/撞击的机制。啄木鸟具备但人类没有的机制可能有助于解释摇晃婴儿综合征（SBS）中的一些眼部损伤。
对七只啄木鸟的眼睛和眼眶进行大体解剖及组织学检查。
由于眼球在眼眶内紧密贴合以及眶缘与巩膜之间的筋膜连接，所有鸟类均表现出眼球轴向运动受限。巩膜由软骨和骨加强，视神经缺乏冗余，玻璃体与视网膜后极无附着。
啄木鸟的眼睛与人类婴儿的眼睛不同，其眼球无法在眼眶内轴向移动，巩膜无法变形，玻璃体无法剪切视网膜。这些发现支持了当前的假说，即人类婴儿因虐待性加速 - 减速导致的眼部损伤可能与眼内玻璃体及眼眶内眼球的平移有关。啄木鸟呈现出一种对与SBS有一定相似性的机械力具有抗性的天然模型。
