Vatandoost H, Mashayekhi M, Abaie M R, Aflatoonian M R, Hanafi-Bojd A A, Sharifi I
Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health & Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
J Vector Borne Dis. 2005 Sep;42(3):100-8.
Kahnooj district in south of Iran is an endemic area for malaria where Anopheles stephensi (Liston) is a main malaria vector and An. dthali (Patton) a secondary vector. According to the national strategy plan on monitoring of insecticides resistance, this study was performed on susceptibility and irritability levels of An. stephensi and An. dthali to different insecticides in the district.
The susceptibility and irritability levels of field strains of An. stephensi and An. dthali at the adult and larval stages to discriminative dose of different imagicides was determined as recommended by WHO.
Using discriminative dose and WHO criteria it was found that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT and dieldrin with 36.1 +/- 2.3 and 62.2 +/- 1.95 mortality rates, respectively; but susceptible to other insecticides. An. dthali was found to susceptible to all tested insecticides. The larvae of An. stephensi, exhibited 100% mortality for temephos and malathion, but 44 +/- 4.32 for discriminative dose of fenitrothion. The results of irritability level for DDT and pyrethroids showed that permethrin had the most irritancy effect on An. stephensi and An. dthali. DDT and deltamethrin showed the least irritancy effect against An. stephensi with 0.42 +/- 0.08 and 0.77 +/- 0.12 take-offs/min/adult, respectively, however, lambdacyhalothrin had the least irritancy effect against An. dthali with 0.096 +/- 0.02 take-offs/min/ adult. The mean number of take-offs/min/adult with permethrin showed significant difference to DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and deltamethrin.
Pyrethroid insecticides are being used as indoor residual sprays in Iran. Based on our results, the main malaria vectors in the region are still susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides. Therefore, we propose the use of pyrethroids with low irritancy effect in rotation with carbamate insecticides in two interval seasonal peaks of malaria transmission. Biological control including larvivorous fishes, using of local made Bacillus thuringiensis and larvicides such as chlorpyrifos-methyl are the main larval control in the region. Result on larval test exhibited the susceptibility of main vectors to some larvicides, although the 100% mortality was not obtained using fenitrothion and this is postulated the use of this insecticide in agriculture pest control. Monitoring and evaluation of insecticides resistance in malaria vectors in the region could provide an essential clue for judicious use of insecticides.
伊朗南部的卡努吉地区是疟疾流行区，斯氏按蚊（利斯顿）是主要的疟疾传播媒介，达氏按蚊（巴顿）是次要传播媒介。根据国家杀虫剂抗性监测战略计划，本研究对该地区斯氏按蚊和达氏按蚊对不同杀虫剂的敏感性和应激性水平进行了研究。
按照世界卫生组织的建议，测定了斯氏按蚊和达氏按蚊野外品系成虫和幼虫阶段对不同鉴别剂量杀虫剂的敏感性和应激性水平。
采用鉴别剂量和世界卫生组织标准发现，斯氏按蚊对滴滴涕和狄氏剂具有抗性，死亡率分别为36.1±2.3%和62.2±1.95%；但对其他杀虫剂敏感。达氏按蚊对所有测试杀虫剂均敏感。斯氏按蚊幼虫对双硫磷和马拉硫磷的死亡率为100%，但对杀螟硫磷鉴别剂量的死亡率为44±4.32%。滴滴涕和拟除虫菊酯的应激性水平结果表明，氯菊酯对斯氏按蚊和达氏按蚊的应激作用最强。滴滴涕和溴氰菊酯对斯氏按蚊的应激作用最小，起飞率分别为0.42±0.08次/分钟/成虫和0.77±0.12次/分钟/成虫，然而，高效氯氟氰菊酯对达氏按蚊的应激作用最小，起飞率为0.096±0.02次/分钟/成虫。氯菊酯处理的成虫平均起飞率/分钟与滴滴涕、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯相比有显著差异。
拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在伊朗被用作室内滞留喷洒剂。根据我们的研究结果，该地区主要的疟疾传播媒介对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂仍然敏感。因此，我们建议在疟疾传播的两个季节性高峰期，交替使用低应激性的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂。包括食蚊鱼在内的生物防治、使用国产苏云金芽孢杆菌以及毒死蜱甲基等杀幼虫剂是该地区主要的幼虫防治措施。幼虫试验结果表明主要传播媒介对一些杀幼虫剂敏感，尽管使用杀螟硫磷未获得100%的死亡率，推测该杀虫剂用于农业害虫防治。对该地区疟疾传播媒介杀虫剂抗性的监测和评估可为明智使用杀虫剂提供重要线索。
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