Titze I R, Sundberg J
Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.
J Acoust Soc Am. 1992 May;91(5):2936-46. doi: 10.1121/1.402929.
Vocal intensity is studied as a function of fundamental frequency and lung pressure. A combination of analytical and empirical models is used to predict sound pressure levels from glottal waveforms of five professional tenors and twenty five normal control subjects. The glottal waveforms were obtained by inverse filtering the mouth flow. Empirical models describe features of the glottal flow waveform (peak flow, peak flow derivative, open quotient, and speed quotient) in terms of lung pressure and phonation threshold pressure, a key variable that incorporates the Fo dependence of many of the features of the glottal flow. The analytical model describes the contributions to sound pressure levels SPL by the vocal tract. Results show that SPL increases with Fo at a rate of 8-9 dB/octave provided that lung pressure is raised proportional to phonation threshold pressure. The SPL also increases at a rate of 8-9 dB per doubling of excess pressure over threshold, a new quantity that assumes considerable importance in vocal intensity calculations. For the same excess pressure over threshold, the professional tenors produced 10-12 dB greater intensity than the male nonsingers, primarily because their peak airflow was much higher for the same pressure. A simple set of rules is devised for predicting SPL from source waveforms.
研究了嗓音强度作为基频和肺压的函数。使用分析模型和经验模型相结合的方法，根据5名专业男高音和25名正常对照受试者的声门波形预测声压级。声门波形通过对口腔气流进行逆滤波获得。经验模型根据肺压和发声阈压描述声门气流波形的特征（峰值流量、峰值流量导数、开放商和速度商），发声阈压是一个关键变量，它包含了声门气流许多特征对基频的依赖性。分析模型描述了声道对声压级（SPL）的贡献。结果表明，只要肺压与发声阈压成比例升高，声压级随基频以8 - 9 dB/倍频程的速率增加。声压级也随着超过阈值的额外压力每加倍而以8 - 9 dB的速率增加，这是一个在嗓音强度计算中具有相当重要性的新量。对于相同的超过阈值的额外压力，专业男高音产生的强度比男性非歌手高10 - 12 dB，主要是因为在相同压力下他们的峰值气流要高得多。设计了一组简单的规则用于从源波形预测声压级。
