Stepán R, Tichá J, Hajslová J, Kovalczuk T, Kocourek V
Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
Food Addit Contam. 2005 Dec;22(12):1231-42. doi: 10.1080/02652030500239623.
During 3 years of a monitoring programme, 522 samples of fresh apples, six brands of fruit purées and various types of fruit baby food prepared from these materials were analysed. Each sample was examined for the presence of 86 GC amenable pesticide residues. The reporting limits of the procedure employed for sample analyses were in the range 0.003-0.01 mg kg(-1). Pesticide residues were detected in 59.5% of the samples of fresh apples. However, maximum residue levels (European Union MRLs) were exceeded only in 1.4% of samples. The levels of residues in 'positive' fruit purées were substantially lower, overall with residues detected in 33% of samples. Fruit baby food represented the commodity with the lowest incidence of residues being detected in only 16% of samples. The 0.01 mg kg(-1) MRL was exceeded in 9% of these products. Multiple residues were found in 25% of fresh apples and in 10% of fruit purées. None of fruit baby food samples contained more than a single residue. Organophosphorus insecticides and fungicides representing phtalimides, sulphamides and dicarboximides were the most frequently found residues. To obtain more knowledge on the fate of residues during fruit baby food production, processing experiments employing apples with incurred residues (fenitrothion, phosalone and tolylfluanid) were conducted. Washing of apples did not significantly reduce the content of pesticides. Steam boiling followed by removal of peels/stems was identified as the most efficient steps in terms of residues decrease (phosalone) or complete elimination (fenitrothion and tolylfluanid).
在一项为期3年的监测计划中，对522份新鲜苹果样本、6个品牌的果泥以及用这些原料制成的各类婴儿水果食品进行了分析。对每个样本检测了86种可通过气相色谱法检测的农药残留。样本分析所采用方法的报告限在0.003 - 0.01 mg/kg范围内。在59.5%的新鲜苹果样本中检测到了农药残留。然而，仅1.4%的样本超过了最大残留限量（欧盟MRLs）。“阳性”果泥中的残留水平显著较低，总体而言，33%的样本检测到残留。婴儿水果食品是残留检出率最低的商品，仅16%的样本检测到残留。其中9%的产品超过了0.01 mg/kg的MRL。25%的新鲜苹果和10%的果泥中发现了多种残留。婴儿水果食品样本中没有一个含有超过一种残留。有机磷杀虫剂以及代表邻苯二甲酰亚胺、磺胺和二羧酰亚胺的杀菌剂是最常检测到的残留。为了更多地了解婴儿水果食品生产过程中残留的去向，进行了使用含有残留（杀螟硫磷、伏杀硫磷和甲苯氟磺胺）的苹果的加工实验。苹果清洗并未显著降低农药含量。就残留减少（伏杀硫磷）或完全消除（杀螟硫磷和甲苯氟磺胺）而言，蒸汽蒸煮后去皮/去梗被确定为最有效的步骤。
