Bekker E M, Böcker K B E, Van Hunsel F, van den Berg M C, Kenemans J L
Department of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Nov;82(3):539-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.009. Epub 2005 Dec 19.
Smoking is highly prevalent among patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Previous studies using the reversed continuous performance task (R-CPT) have suggested that nicotine reduces inattention. Since especially adults with ADHD have been claimed to suffer from a core deficit in inhibitory control, this study aimed at determining whether nicotine improves response inhibition in addition to attention. Sixteen healthy regular smokers participated in a pre/post treatment design in which transdermal patches containing 7 and 21 mg nicotine per day were administered in a counterbalanced, double-blind manner. In a second study, patches containing 0 mg (placebo) and 21 mg per day were administered to a different group of regular smokers. For replication purposes, the R-CPT and the profile of mood states (POMS) were administered. Furthermore, a different version of the continuous performance task (CPT-AX) and the stop-signal task, traditionally used to measure response inhibition, were presented. The high dose of nicotine was found to relieve self-reported Depression in Study 1 and Fatigue in Study 2. Performance data indicated acute effects of nicotine on attention-related, but not on inhibition-related measures. Especially the comparison with placebo revealed decreases in reaction time and variability of responding. The results imply that patients with ADHD smoke to reduce inattention.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者中吸烟现象极为普遍。以往使用反向持续操作任务（R-CPT）的研究表明，尼古丁可减轻注意力不集中。由于尤其是患有ADHD的成年人被认为存在抑制控制方面的核心缺陷，本研究旨在确定尼古丁除了改善注意力外是否还能提高反应抑制能力。16名健康的经常吸烟者参与了一项治疗前/治疗后设计的研究，其中每天分别以7毫克和21毫克尼古丁的透皮贴剂以平衡、双盲的方式给药。在第二项研究中，给另一组经常吸烟者分别使用每天含0毫克（安慰剂）和21毫克尼古丁的贴剂。为了进行重复验证，实施了R-CPT和情绪状态量表（POMS）。此外，还采用了传统上用于测量反应抑制能力的连续操作任务（CPT-AX）的不同版本和停止信号任务。研究发现，高剂量尼古丁在研究1中可缓解自我报告的抑郁情绪，在研究2中可缓解疲劳。表现数据表明尼古丁对与注意力相关的指标有急性影响，但对与抑制相关的指标没有影响。特别是与安慰剂相比，反应时间和反应变异性有所降低。结果表明，ADHD患者吸烟是为了减轻注意力不集中。
