Pollock J M, Rodgers J D, Welsh M D, McNair J
Veterinary Sciences Division, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
Vet Microbiol. 2006 Feb 25;112(2-4):141-50. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.032. Epub 2005 Dec 27.
In many countries, test-and-slaughter policies based on tuberculin skin testing have made a significant impact on the control of bovine tuberculosis (caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis). However, in some countries these policies have not proved as effective and improved disease control strategies are required (including improved diagnostic tests and development of vaccines). The host pathogen interactions in bovine tuberculosis are very complex. While studies of the disease in naturally infected field cases of bovine tuberculosis have provided valuable information, detailed knowledge can also be gained through studies of disease models. A number of studies have developed M. bovis infection models employing a range of routes and challenge doses. An early objective was assessment of vaccine efficiency, and models of infection remain central to current work in this area. Development of the intra-nasal and intra-tracheal models have also advanced our understanding of the kinetics of the immune response. In many of these studies, understanding of pathogenesis has been improved by definition of the cells that respond to infection and those that are instrumental in modulation of host responses. Experimental models of infection have been adapted to study cattle to cattle transmission, modeling one of the fundamental routes of infection. This review provides a historical perspective on the types of experimental models used in over 100 years of research and outlines new opportunities to refine those methods for bovine and human tuberculosis and to contribute to improved diagnostics, advanced understanding of immunology and vaccine design.
在许多国家，基于结核菌素皮肤试验的检测与扑杀政策对牛结核病（由牛分枝杆菌感染引起）的控制产生了重大影响。然而，在一些国家，这些政策并未证明如此有效，因此需要改进疾病控制策略（包括改进诊断测试和开发疫苗）。牛结核病中的宿主-病原体相互作用非常复杂。虽然对牛结核病自然感染现场病例的研究提供了有价值的信息，但通过疾病模型研究也可以获得详细的知识。许多研究已经开发出了采用多种途径和攻击剂量的牛分枝杆菌感染模型。早期的目标是评估疫苗效率，感染模型仍然是该领域当前工作的核心。鼻内和气管内模型的开发也增进了我们对免疫反应动力学的理解。在许多这些研究中，通过确定对感染作出反应的细胞以及那些对调节宿主反应有重要作用的细胞，对发病机制的理解得到了改善。感染实验模型已被用于研究牛与牛之间的传播，模拟了一种基本的感染途径。本综述提供了对100多年研究中所使用的实验模型类型的历史视角，并概述了改进牛和人类结核病研究方法的新机会，以及为改进诊断、深化免疫学理解和疫苗设计做出贡献。
