Taylor Kristen R, Gallo Richard L
Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego and VA Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA.
FASEB J. 2006 Jan;20(1):9-22. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-4682rev.
Glycosaminoglycans, linear carbohydrates such as heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, participate in a variety of biological processes including cell-matrix interactions and activation of chemokines, enzymes and growth factors. This review will discuss progress in immunology and the science of wound repair that has revealed the importance of glycosaminoglycans, and their proteoglycans, in the inflammatory process. Heparan sulfate enables growth factor function and modifies enzyme/inhibitor functions, such as antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II. Heparan sulfate also interacts with cytokines/chemokines and participates in leukocyte selectin binding to promote the recruitment of leukocytes. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate regulates growth factor activity and is an alternate modulator of heparin cofactor II. In addition, dermatan sulfate induces ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells and also recruits leukocytes via selectin interactions. Hyaluronan alternatively participates in leukocyte recruitment via interaction with CD44, while activating various inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, through CD44-dependent signaling. Hyaluronan also signals through Toll-like receptor 4 to induce dendritic cell maturation and promote cytokine release by dendritic cells and endothelial cells. Taken together, the field of glycosaminoglycan biology provides new clues and explanations of the process of inflammation and suggests new therapeutic approaches to human disease.
糖胺聚糖是一类线性碳水化合物，如硫酸乙酰肝素和透明质酸，参与多种生物学过程，包括细胞-基质相互作用以及趋化因子、酶和生长因子的激活。本综述将讨论免疫学和伤口修复科学领域的进展，这些进展揭示了糖胺聚糖及其蛋白聚糖在炎症过程中的重要性。硫酸乙酰肝素可实现生长因子功能并调节酶/抑制剂功能，如抗凝血酶III和肝素辅因子II。硫酸乙酰肝素还与细胞因子/趋化因子相互作用，并参与白细胞选择素结合以促进白细胞募集。硫酸软骨素/硫酸皮肤素调节生长因子活性，是肝素辅因子II的另一种调节剂。此外，硫酸皮肤素可诱导内皮细胞上ICAM-1的表达，并通过选择素相互作用募集白细胞。透明质酸则通过与CD44相互作用参与白细胞募集，同时通过CD44依赖性信号激活各种炎症细胞，如巨噬细胞。透明质酸还通过Toll样受体4发出信号，诱导树突状细胞成熟，并促进树突状细胞和内皮细胞释放细胞因子。综上所述，糖胺聚糖生物学领域为炎症过程提供了新的线索和解释，并为人类疾病提出了新的治疗方法。
