McCormick Stephen D, Bradshaw Don
USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA, USA.
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2006 May 15;147(1):3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.12.009. Epub 2006 Feb 2.
The endocrine system mediates many of the physiological responses to the homeostatic and acclimation demands of salt and water transport. Many of the hormones involved in the control of salt and water transport are common to all vertebrates, although their precise function and target tissues have changed during evolution. Arginine vasopressin (vasotocin), angiotensin II, natriuretic peptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide, urotensin II, insulin and non-genomic actions of corticosteroids are involved in acute (minutes and hours) alterations in ion and water transport. This rapid alteration in transport is primarily the result changes in behavior, blood flow to osmoregulatory organs, and membrane insertion or activation (e.g., phosphorylation) of existing transport proteins, ion and water channels, contransporters and pumps. Corticosteroids (through genomic actions), prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I primarily control long-term (several hours to days) changes in transport capacity that are the result of synthesis of new transport proteins, cell proliferation, and differentiation. In addition to the important task of establishing broad evolutionary patterns in hormones involved in ion regulation, comparative endocrinology can determine species and population level differences in signaling pathways that may be critical for adaptation to extreme or rapidly changing environments.
内分泌系统介导了许多对盐和水运输的稳态及适应需求的生理反应。尽管在进化过程中，参与盐和水运输控制的许多激素的精确功能和靶组织发生了变化，但所有脊椎动物都有这些激素。精氨酸加压素（血管紧张素）、血管紧张素II、利钠肽、血管活性肠肽、尾加压素II、胰岛素以及皮质类固醇的非基因组作用都参与了离子和水运输的急性（数分钟至数小时）改变。这种运输的快速改变主要是行为变化、渗透调节器官血流量变化以及现有运输蛋白、离子和水通道、协同转运体和泵的膜插入或激活（如磷酸化）的结果。皮质类固醇（通过基因组作用）、催乳素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子I主要控制运输能力的长期（数小时至数天）变化，这些变化是新运输蛋白合成、细胞增殖和分化的结果。除了在参与离子调节的激素中建立广泛进化模式这一重要任务外，比较内分泌学还可以确定信号通路在物种和种群水平上的差异，这些差异可能对适应极端或快速变化的环境至关重要。
