Gil-Loyzaga P
Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Apartado de Correos 60.075, 28080 Madrid, Spain.
Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2005;126(4):203-7.
An increasing interest on neuroplasticity and nerve regeneration within the auditory receptor and pathway has developed in recent years. The receptor and the auditory pathway are controlled by highly complex circuits that appear during embryonic development. During this early maturation process of the auditory sensory elements, we observe the development of two types of nerve fibers: permanent fibers that will remain to reach full-term maturity and other transient fibers that will ultimately disappear. Both stable and transitory fibers however, as well as developing sensory cells, express, and probably release, their respective neuro-transmitters that could be involved in neuroplasticity. Cell culture experiments have added significant information; the in vitro administration of glutamate or GABA to isolated spiral ganglion neurons clearly modified neural development. Neuroplasticity has been also found in the adult. Nerve regeneration and neuroplasticity have been demonstrated in the adult auditory receptors as well as throughout the auditory pathway. Neuroplasticity studies could prove interesting in the elaboration of current or future therapy strategies (e.g.: cochlear implants or stem cells), but also to really understand the pathogenesis of auditory or language diseases (e.g.: deafness, tinnitus, dyslexia, etc.).
近年来，人们对听觉感受器及听觉通路中的神经可塑性和神经再生越来越感兴趣。感受器和听觉通路由胚胎发育过程中出现的高度复杂的神经回路控制。在听觉感觉元件的这个早期成熟过程中，我们观察到两种神经纤维的发育：将持续发育至足月成熟的永久性纤维和最终会消失的其他短暂性纤维。然而，稳定纤维和短暂性纤维以及正在发育的感觉细胞都表达并可能释放各自的神经递质，这些神经递质可能参与神经可塑性。细胞培养实验提供了重要信息；体外向分离的螺旋神经节神经元施用谷氨酸或γ-氨基丁酸明显改变了神经发育。在成年人中也发现了神经可塑性。在成年听觉感受器以及整个听觉通路中都证实了神经再生和神经可塑性。神经可塑性研究可能在制定当前或未来的治疗策略（如：人工耳蜗或干细胞）方面很有趣，而且对于真正理解听觉或语言疾病（如：耳聋、耳鸣、诵读困难等）的发病机制也很有意义。
