This article highlights our current knowledge of fibroids and addresses future directions for fibroid research and treatment over the next decade. The available data on cytogenetics are discussed, in addition to discoveries into signaling pathways and second messenger molecules in leiomyomas. Current medical management, surgical trends and the barriers to transition to minimally invasive procedures are summarized. Innovations in genetic diagnosis and interventional radiologic-aided therapies may revolutionize therapy for certain populations of patients who have fibroids. From tissue-specific medical management, to minimally invasive surgical techniques, to pharmacogenetics, the current directions of fibroid research are leading us to an exciting new frontier.