Bergé Jean-Pascal, Barnathan Gilles
Centre de Nantes, Laboratoire Génie Alimentaire, Département Valorisation des Produits, Institut Français pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), BP21105, 44311 Nantes 03, France.
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2005;96:49-125. doi: 10.1007/b135782.
Because of their characteristic living environments, marine organisms produce a variety of lipids. Fatty acids constitute the essential part of triglycerides and wax esters, which are the major components of fats and oils. Nevertheless, phospholipids and glycolipids have considerable importance and will be taken into account, especially the latter compounds that excite increasing interest regarding their promising biological activities. Thus, in addition to the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, a great number of various fatty acids occur in marine organisms, e.g. saturated, mono- and diunsaturated, branched, halogenated, hydroxylated, methoxylated, non-methylene-interrupted. Various unprecedented chemical structures of fatty acids, and lipid-containing fatty acids, have recently been discovered, especially from the most primitive animals such as sponges and gorgonians. This review of marine lipidology deals with recent advances in the field of fatty acids since the end of the 1990s. Different approaches will be followed, mainly developing biomarkers of trophic chains in marine ecosystems and of chemotaxonomic interest, reporting new structures, especially those with biological activities or biosynthetic interest. An important part of this review will be devoted to the major PUFA, their relevance to health and nutrition, their biosynthesis, their sources (usual and promising) and market.
由于其独特的生存环境，海洋生物产生了各种各样的脂质。脂肪酸构成甘油三酯和蜡酯的重要部分，而甘油三酯和蜡酯是油脂的主要成分。然而，磷脂和糖脂也具有相当重要的意义，将被纳入考虑范围，尤其是后者，因其具有潜在的生物活性而引起了越来越多的关注。因此，除了主要的多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），如二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）外，海洋生物中还存在大量各种脂肪酸，例如饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和二不饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸、卤代脂肪酸、羟基脂肪酸、甲氧基脂肪酸、非亚甲基间断脂肪酸。最近发现了各种前所未有的脂肪酸化学结构以及含脂肪酸的脂质，特别是从海绵和柳珊瑚等最原始的动物中发现的。本文对海洋脂质学的综述涉及自20世纪90年代末以来该领域的最新进展。将采用不同的方法，主要是开发海洋生态系统中营养链的生物标志物以及具有化学分类学意义的生物标志物，报告新的结构，特别是那些具有生物活性或生物合成意义的结构。本综述的一个重要部分将专门讨论主要的多不饱和脂肪酸，它们与健康和营养的相关性、它们的生物合成、它们的来源（常见的和有前景的）以及市场情况。
