Bulygina E, Mitteroecker P, Aiello L
Department of Anthropology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006 Nov;131(3):432-43. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20317.
Based on a longitudinal study of radiographs of the Denver Growth Study, we investigated the morphological development of individual and gender differences in the anterior neurocranium, face, and basicranium. In total, 500 X-rays of 14 males and 14 females, each with 18 landmarks and semilandmarks, were digitized and analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Sexual dimorphism in shape and form is already present at the earliest age stage included in the analysis. However, the nature of dimorphism changes with age. Four factors apper to contribute to cranial sexual dimorphism in human postnatal development: 1) initial, possibly prenatal, differences in shape; 2) differences in the association of size and shape; 3) male hypermorphosis; and 4) some degree of difference in the direction of male and female growth trajectories. Studying changes in individuals, we find a low correlation between newborn and adult morphology, while 3-year-olds already show a high correlation with their adult form. We conclude that the adult pattern of interindividual difference in facial form in a single human population is established within the first few years of life.
基于丹佛生长研究的X线片纵向研究，我们调查了前脑颅、面部和颅底的个体形态发育及性别差异。总共对14名男性和14名女性的500张X线片进行了数字化处理并分析，每张片子有18个标志点和半标志点，采用几何形态测量方法进行分析。在分析所涵盖的最早年龄阶段，形状和形态上的两性差异就已存在。然而，两性差异的性质会随年龄变化。有四个因素似乎对人类出生后发育过程中的颅骨两性差异有影响：1）初始的、可能是产前的形状差异；2）大小与形状关联的差异；3）男性的过度生长；4）男性和女性生长轨迹方向存在一定程度的差异。通过研究个体变化，我们发现新生儿与成人形态之间的相关性较低，而3岁儿童已与成人形态表现出高度相关性。我们得出结论，单个人群中面部形态个体差异的成人模式在生命的最初几年内就已确立。
