Stainier C, Destain M-F, Schiffers B, Lebeau F
Gembloux Agricultural University, Unité de Mécanique et Construction, Gembloux, Belgium.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2005;70(4):979-87.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of adjuvants and formulations on drift. The spray liquids consisted of four adjuvants (Actirob 0.4 %, Tensiofix 0.2%, Breakthru 0.2%, Silwet L-77 0.1%) with water and with two formulations of Phenmediphame (C16H16N2O4, 4.45%): an emulsion-forming (EC) and a suspension concentrate (SC). A standard flat fan nozzle at a pressure of 3 bar was used. The droplet size spectrum of each combination was determined using a Malvern granulometer. The droplet size was characterized by the volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage of spray volume contained in droplets <100 microm (%<100). The relative drift potential was measured for each combination of formulation and adjuvant in a wind-tunnel. This latter has a working section 2.0 m wide by 2.0 m high by 6.0 m long. The air-stream is drawn by a 1.2 m diameter axial flow fan, powered by a 22 kW electric motor. Wind speed was 5 m/s. Its uniformity was controlled by a three-dimensional sonic anemometer able to move on a linear translation beam placed in the tunnel cross section. The wind-tunnel was operated under ambient conditions and three repetitions were performed randomized in order to eliminate variations in temperature and humidity for each combination. The ground spray deposits were measured on glass fibber collectors using a fluorescent tracer dye (sodium fluorescein), at a concentration of 2.5 mg/l. The statistical analysis of the droplet spectrum showed that the Phenmediphame SC formulation generated droplets of higher size than the EC. The mean VMD values were respectively equal to 228+/-11 microm and 185+/-11 microm for these formulations. For SC formulation, Break-thru decreased the VMD while Tensiofix increased the %<100. This confirmed that the degree to which an adjuvant influences spray characteristics is very variable. The drift profiles produced by the different combinations were similar, but the relative drift potential was significantly different comparing SC and EC formulations: it respectively reached 0.8+/-0,08% and 1.2+/-0,08%, whatever the adjuvant used in the liquid. Clearly, when using a flat fan nozzle to spray Phenmediphame, the droplet size and the drift potential are mainly governed by the kind of formulation, even if an interaction between the formulation and the adjuvant exists.
本文旨在分析助剂和制剂对漂移的影响。喷雾液由四种助剂（0.4%的Actirob、0.2%的Tensiofix、0.2%的Breakthru、0.1%的Silwet L-77）与水以及两种苯线磷（C16H16N2O4，4.45%）制剂组成：一种乳油（EC）和一种悬浮剂（SC）。使用压力为3巴的标准扁平扇形喷嘴。使用马尔文粒度分析仪测定每种组合的液滴尺寸谱。液滴尺寸通过体积中值直径（VMD）和直径小于100微米的液滴所含喷雾体积百分比（%<100）来表征。在风洞中测量每种制剂和助剂组合的相对漂移潜力。风洞的工作段宽2.0米、高2.0米、长6.0米。气流由直径1.2米的轴流风扇抽取，由一台22千瓦的电动机驱动。风速为5米/秒。其均匀性由一个三维声学风速仪控制，该风速仪能够在放置在风洞横截面的线性平移梁上移动。风洞在环境条件下运行，并进行三次重复测量，测量顺序随机，以消除每种组合的温度和湿度变化。使用浓度为2.5毫克/升的荧光示踪染料（荧光素钠）在玻璃纤维收集器上测量地面喷雾沉积物。液滴谱的统计分析表明，苯线磷SC制剂产生的液滴尺寸比EC制剂的大。这些制剂的平均VMD值分别为228±11微米和185±11微米。对于SC制剂，Break-thru降低了VMD，而Tensiofix增加了%<100。这证实了助剂对喷雾特性的影响程度差异很大。不同组合产生的漂移曲线相似，但比较SC和EC制剂时，相对漂移潜力有显著差异：无论液体中使用何种助剂，其相对漂移潜力分别达到0.8±0.08%和1.2±0.08%。显然，使用扁平扇形喷嘴喷雾苯线磷时，液滴尺寸和漂移潜力主要由制剂类型决定，即使制剂和助剂之间存在相互作用。
