Vesal Nasser, Zare Payman
Department Of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, 71345-1731 Shiraz, Iran.
Vet Anaesth Analg. 2006 May;33(3):143-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00244.x.
To evaluate the effects of intranasal benzodiazepines (midazolam and diazepam), alpha(2)-agonists (xylazine and detomidine) and their antagonists (flumazenil and yohimbine) in canaries.
Prospective randomized study.
Twenty-six healthy adult domesticated canaries of both sexes, weighing 18.3 +/- 1.0 g.
In Study 1 an attempt was made to determine the dose of each drug that allowed treated canaries to be laid in dorsal recumbency for at least 5 minutes, i.e. its effective dose. This involved the evaluation of various doses, during which equal volumes of the tested drug were administered slowly into each nostril. In study 2 the onset of action, duration and quality of sedation induced by each drug at its effective dose were evaluated. The efficacy of flumazenil and yohimbine in antagonizing the effects of the sedative drugs was also studied.
In study 1 administration of 25 microL per nostril diazepam (5 mg mL(-1) solution) or midazolam (5 mg mL(-1) solution) to each bird caused adequate sedation within 1-2 minutes; birds did not move when placed in dorsal recumbency. After administration of 12 microL per nostril of either xylazine (20 mg mL(-1)) or detomidine (10 mg mL(-1)), birds seemed heavily sedated and assumed sternal recumbency but could not be placed in dorsal recumbency. Higher doses of xylazine (0.5 mg per nostril) or detomidine (0.25 mg per nostril) prolonged sedation but did not produce dorsal recumbency. In study 2 in all treatment groups, onset of action was rapid. Duration of dorsal recumbency was significantly longer (p < 0.05) with diazepam (38.4 +/- 10.5 minutes) than midazolam (17.1 +/- 2.2 minutes). Intranasal flumazenil (2.5 microg per nostril) significantly reduced recumbency time. Duration of sedation was longer with alpha(2)-agonists compared with benzodiazepines. Detomidine had the longest duration of effect (257.5 +/- 1.5 minutes) and midazolam the shortest (36.9 +/- 2.4 minutes). Nasally administered flumazenil significantly reduced the duration of sedation with diazepam and midazolam while yohimbine (120 microg per nostril) effectively antagonized the effects of xylazine and detomidine.
Intranasal benzodiazepines produce rapid and effective sedation in canaries. Intranasal alpha(2) agonists produce sedation but not sustained recumbency. Specific antagonists are also effective when used by this route. Clinical relevance Intranasal sedative drug administration is an acceptable alternative method of drug delivery in canaries.
评估鼻内给予苯二氮䓬类药物（咪达唑仑和地西泮）、α₂ 激动剂（赛拉嗪和右美托咪定）及其拮抗剂（氟马西尼和育亨宾）对金丝雀的影响。
前瞻性随机研究。
26 只体重为 18.3±1.0 g 的健康成年家养雌雄金丝雀。
在研究 1 中，尝试确定使接受治疗的金丝雀能仰卧至少 5 分钟的每种药物剂量，即其有效剂量。这涉及评估不同剂量，在此期间将等量体积的受试药物缓慢注入每个鼻孔。在研究 2 中，评估每种药物在其有效剂量下诱导的镇静作用的起效时间、持续时间和质量。还研究了氟马西尼和育亨宾拮抗镇静药物作用的效果。
在研究 1 中，每只鸟每个鼻孔给予 25 μL 地西泮（5 mg/mL 溶液）或咪达唑仑（5 mg/mL 溶液）可在 1 - 2 分钟内产生充分镇静；鸟在仰卧时不会移动。每只鸟每个鼻孔给予 12 μL 赛拉嗪（20 mg/mL）或右美托咪定（10 mg/mL）后，但无法使其仰卧。更高剂量的赛拉嗪（每个鼻孔 0.5 mg）或右美托咪定（每个鼻孔 0.25 mg）可延长镇静时间，但不能产生仰卧状态。在研究 2 中，所有治疗组的起效都很快。地西泮（38.4±10.5 分钟）导致的仰卧持续时间显著长于咪达唑仑（17.1±2.2 分钟）（p<0.05）。鼻内给予氟马西尼（每个鼻孔 2.5 μg）显著缩短了仰卧时间。与苯二氮䓬类药物相比，α₂ 激动剂的镇静持续时间更长。右美托咪定的作用持续时间最长（257.5±1.5 分钟），咪达唑仑最短（36.9±2.4 分钟）。鼻内给予氟马西尼显著缩短了地西泮和咪达唑仑的镇静持续时间，而育亨宾（每个鼻孔 120 μg）有效拮抗了赛拉嗪和右美托咪定的作用。
鼻内给予苯二氮䓬类药物可在金丝雀中产生快速有效的镇静作用。鼻内给予 α₂ 激动剂可产生镇静作用，但不能维持仰卧状态。通过该途径使用特异性拮抗剂也有效。临床意义：鼻内给予镇静药物是金丝雀可接受的替代给药方法。
