Farrington John D
Environmental Studies, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2005 Jul;1(3):283-9. doi: 10.1897/2004-008r.1.
Mongolia's protected areas cover 20.5 million ha or 13.1% of its national territory. Existing and proposed protected areas, however, are threatened by mining. Mining impacts on Mongolia's protected areas are diverse and include licensed and unlicensed mineral activities in protected areas, buffer zone disturbance, and prevention of the establishment of proposed protected areas. Review of United States, Canadian, and Australian policies revealed 9 basic approaches to resolving conflicts between protected areas and mining. Four approaches suitable for Mongolia are granting land trades and special dispensations in exchange for mineral licenses in protected areas; granting protected status to all lapsed mineral licenses in protected areas; voluntary forfeiting of mineral licenses in protected areas in exchange for positive corporate publicity; and prohibiting all new mineral activities in existing and proposed protected areas. Mining is Mongolia's most important industry, however, and the long-term benefits of preserving Mongolia's natural heritage must be considered and weighed against the economic benefits and costs of mining activities.
蒙古国的保护区面积达2050万公顷，占其国土面积的13.1%。然而，现有和拟建的保护区正受到采矿业的威胁。采矿业对蒙古国保护区的影响是多方面的，包括保护区内有许可证和无许可证的矿产活动、缓冲区受到干扰以及拟建保护区的设立受阻。对美国、加拿大和澳大利亚相关政策的审查揭示了解决保护区与采矿业之间冲突的9种基本方法。适合蒙古国的4种方法是：给予土地交易和特殊豁免，以换取在保护区内的采矿许可证；赋予保护区内所有过期采矿许可证以保护地位；保护区内的采矿许可证持有者自愿放弃许可证，以换取企业的正面宣传；禁止在现有和拟建保护区内开展所有新的矿产活动。然而，采矿业是蒙古国最重要的产业，因此必须考虑保护蒙古国自然遗产的长期利益，并权衡其与采矿活动的经济效益和成本。
