Papazian O, Alfonso I, Luzondo R J
Departamento de Neurofisiología Clínica, Miami Children's Hospital, Florida, Estados Unidos.
Rev Neurol. 2006 Apr 10;42 Suppl 3:S45-50.
To review the development, anatomy and physiology of executive functions (EF) in normal and pathological conditions.
EF consist of several internal mental process design to solve mental and environmental complex problems in an efficient and acceptable way to the person and the society. EF include inhibition of behavior and irrelevant information, nonverbal working memory, verbal working memory, self-regulation of affect, motivation and arousal, planning, decision making, self monitoring of the entire solving problem process and self evaluation of the results of the action taken. The anatomical substrate is at the prefrontal lobe cortex and its afferent and efferent structures. Neurotransmitters involved in activation of neurons at the prefrontal cortex are dopamine and norepinephrine and in less degree acetylcholine and serotonine.
Disorders of one or more of the EF in children and adolescents are found in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, bipolar disease, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, autism and traumatic brain injury.
回顾正常及病理状态下执行功能(EF)的发展、解剖学及生理学情况。
执行功能由多个内部心理过程组成,旨在以一种对个人和社会有效且可接受的方式解决心理和环境方面的复杂问题。执行功能包括对行为和无关信息的抑制、非言语工作记忆、言语工作记忆、情感的自我调节、动机和唤醒、计划、决策、对整个解决问题过程的自我监测以及对所采取行动结果的自我评估。其解剖学基础位于前额叶皮质及其传入和传出结构。参与前额叶皮质神经元激活的神经递质是多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素,乙酰胆碱和血清素的参与程度较低。
在注意缺陷多动障碍、抽动秽语综合征、双相情感障碍、抑郁症、强迫症、自闭症和创伤性脑损伤中发现儿童和青少年的一种或多种执行功能存在障碍。