Nott Ajit, Jung Hou-Sung, Koussevitzky Shai, Chory Joanne
Plant Biology Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2006;57:739-59. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105310.
Plant cells store genetic information in the genomes of three organelles: the nucleus, plastid, and mitochondrion. The nucleus controls most aspects of organelle gene expression, development, and function. In return, organelles send signals to the nucleus to control nuclear gene expression, a process called retrograde signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling, which involves multiple, partially redundant signaling pathways. The best studied is a pathway that is triggered by buildup of Mg-ProtoporphyrinIX, the first intermediate in the chlorophyll branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. In addition, there is evidence for a plastid gene expression-dependent pathway, as well as a third pathway that is dependent on the redox state of photosynthetic electron transport components. Although genetic studies have identified several players involved in signal generation, very little is known of the signaling components or transcription factors that regulate the expression of hundreds of nuclear genes.
植物细胞在三种细胞器的基因组中储存遗传信息，这三种细胞器分别是：细胞核、质体和线粒体。细胞核控制着细胞器基因表达、发育和功能的大部分方面。作为回报，细胞器向细胞核发送信号以控制核基因表达，这一过程称为逆向信号传导。本综述总结了我们目前对质体到细胞核逆向信号传导的理解，该信号传导涉及多个部分冗余的信号通路。研究得最透彻的是一条由Mg-原卟啉IX积累触发的信号通路，Mg-原卟啉IX是四吡咯生物合成途径中叶绿素分支的第一个中间体。此外，有证据表明存在一条依赖质体基因表达的信号通路，以及第三条依赖光合电子传递成分氧化还原状态的信号通路。尽管遗传学研究已经鉴定出了几个参与信号产生的因子，但对于调节数百个核基因表达的信号成分或转录因子却知之甚少。
