Thorpe Trevor A
Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Methods Mol Biol. 2006;318:9-32. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-959-1:009.
Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components under defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both basic and applied studies as well as in commercial application. It owes its origin to the ideas of the German scientist, Haberlandt, at the beginning of the 20th century. The early studies led to root cultures, embryo cultures, and the first true callus/tissue cultures. The period between the 1940s and the 1960s was marked by the development of new techniques and the improvement of those already in use. It was the availability of these techniques that led to the application of tissue culture to five broad areas, namely, cell behavior (including cytology, nutrition, metabolism, morphogenesis, embryogenesis, and pathology), plant modification and improvement, pathogen-free plants and germplasm storage, clonal propagation, and product (mainly secondary metabolite) formation, starting in the mid-1960s. The 1990s saw continued expansion in the application of the in vitro technologies to an increasing number of plant species. Cell cultures have remained an important tool in the study of basic areas of plant biology and biochemistry and have assumed major significance in studies in molecular biology and agricultural biotechnology. The historical development of these in vitro technologies and their applications are the focus of this chapter.
植物组织培养，即在体外特定的物理和化学条件下对细胞、组织、器官及其组成部分进行无菌培养，是基础研究、应用研究以及商业应用中的一项重要工具。它起源于20世纪初德国科学家哈伯兰特的想法。早期研究催生了根培养、胚培养以及首个真正意义上的愈伤组织/组织培养。20世纪40年代至60年代期间，新技术不断发展，已有技术也得到改进。正是这些技术的出现，使得从20世纪60年代中期开始，组织培养被应用于五个广泛领域，即细胞行为（包括细胞学、营养、代谢、形态发生、胚胎发生和病理学）、植物改良与改进、无病原体植物和种质保存、克隆繁殖以及产物（主要是次生代谢产物）形成。20世纪90年代，体外技术在越来越多植物物种上的应用持续扩展。细胞培养一直是植物生物学和生物化学基础领域研究的重要工具，并且在分子生物学和农业生物技术研究中具有重要意义。本章重点关注这些体外技术的历史发展及其应用。
