Gene expression of arachidonate cyclooxygenase pathway leading to the delayed synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and action of these prostanoids during life cycle of adipocytes.

Several types of prostaglandin (PG)s are synthesized in adipocytes and involved differently in the control of adipogenesis. To elucidate how the PG synthesis is regulated at different stages in the life cycle of adipocytes, we examined the gene expression of arachidonate cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway leading to the delayed synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha and their roles in adipogenesis after exposure of cultured cells to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which is a useful system for monitoring mitogen-induced changes. While the expression of COX-1 remained constitutive, mRNA and protein levels of COX-2 were up-regulated by treatment with PMA. Preadipocytes exhibited higher gene expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2alpha) and PGF synthase. In contrast, three isoforms of PGE synthase are expressed constitutively during all phases. The delayed synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha following the stimulation for 24 with a mixture of PMA and calcium ionophore A23187 was the highest in preadipocytes, reflecting the increased expression levels of cPLA2alpha and COX-2. Cultured cells treated with PMA during the differentiation phase and then exposed to the maturation medium, or cells treated with PMA in the maturation medium after the differentiation phase showed the suppression of adipogenesis in adipocytes. The attenuating effect of PMA was additionally enhanced when the cell were treated along with A32187 during the differentiation phase, suggesting the involvement of endogenous PGs. The cells at the stages of the differentiation and maturation phases were highly sensitive to exogenous PGE2 and PGF2alpha, respectively, resulting in the marked suppression of the stored fats in adipocytes. Taken together, these results provided the evidence for the distinct gene expression of isoformic enzymes in the COX pathway leading to the synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha and the specific action of these prostanoids at different cycle stages of adipocytes.