Hardy Andrew D, Walton Richard I, Myers Kathryn A, Vaishnav Ragini
Centre for Medical History, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, UK.
J Cosmet Sci. 2006 Mar-Apr;57(2):107-25.
This study was undertaken in order to determine the availability and chemical composition of potentially lead-toxic traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls") in six of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Thus of especial interest was the percentage of the purchased samples that contained the toxic element lead. A total of 53 observably different kohl samples were found to be available overall in the six emirates: Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah. It was found that 19 of these samples had been previously analyzed by us in studies covering Oman, Abu Dhabi (city), and Egypt (Cairo). The techniques of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the remaining 34 samples. Overall, for the 53 kohl samples, it was found that 20 (38%) contained a lead compound (galena, PbS) as the main component. The other main components were found to be one of the following: amorphous carbon, calcite/aragonite (CaCO3), goethite (FeO(OH)), hematite (Fe2O3), sassolite (H3BO3), talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), or zincite (ZnO).
本研究旨在确定阿拉伯联合酋长国（阿联酋）七个酋长国中的六个酋长国里，具有潜在铅毒性的传统眼部化妆品（“眼圈墨”）的可得性和化学成分。因此，特别令人感兴趣的是所购买样本中含有有毒元素铅的百分比。在迪拜、沙迦、阿治曼、乌姆盖万、哈伊马角和富查伊拉这六个酋长国，总共发现了53种明显不同的眼圈墨样本。结果发现，其中19个样本此前已在我们涵盖阿曼、阿布扎比市和埃及开罗的研究中进行过分析。使用X射线粉末衍射（XRPD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）技术对其余34个样本进行了分析。总体而言，在这53个眼圈墨样本中，发现有20个（38%）含有铅化合物（方铅矿，PbS）作为主要成分。其他主要成分被发现是以下物质之一：无定形碳、方解石/文石（CaCO3）、针铁矿（FeO(OH)）、赤铁矿（Fe2O3）、硼砂（H3BO3）、滑石（Mg3Si4O10(OH)2）或氧化锌（ZnO）。
