Sutter J
Encephale. 1991 Jan-Feb;17(1):3-9.
Man's main activity is to live his future, to shape it, to direct it and to constantly adapt it to circumstances. This phenomenon is "anticipation". As far as this perspective is adopted, the field of consciousness appears narrow but extremely changing. The unconscious does not exist in so far as a territory, a structure or an apparatus. Unconscious has not to be a substantive but only an adjective. Data of consciousness remain unconscious or subconscious during the main part of the time. Moreover, the subject may live his future at various levels, from a biologic one till transcendence and the data of consciousness much depend on this level. All pathologic states involve an impoverishment of the field of consciousness. This limitation is sometimes transitory, for example in psychomotor epilepsy and above all in various neuroses. The patient then undergoes a sudden "regressing dive", which may be very brief and remain unseen by observer. During the "dive", he can only anticipate rudimentary and maladjusted behaviours, neurotic symptoms. In conversion hysteria, the regression is more durable but partial. Psychotic limitation, the level of which is variable, remains as long as psychosis itself.
人的主要活动是面向未来生活,塑造未来,引导未来,并不断使其适应环境。这种现象就是“预期”。从这个角度来看,意识领域似乎狭窄但变化极大。就其作为一个领域、一种结构或一种机制而言,无意识并不存在。无意识不应是一个实体,而只是一个形容词。意识数据在大部分时间里都处于无意识或潜意识状态。此外,主体可以在从生物学层面到超越层面的各个层次上面对未来生活,而意识数据很大程度上取决于这个层次。所有病理状态都涉及意识领域的贫乏。这种局限有时是暂时的,例如在精神运动性癫痫中,尤其是在各种神经症中。患者随后会经历一次突然的“退行性潜入”,这可能非常短暂,观察者可能看不到。在“潜入”期间,他只能预期到基本的、失调的行为,即神经症症状。在转换性癔症中,退行更持久但不全面。精神病性局限的程度各不相同,只要精神病本身存在,就会一直存在。