Werling Dirk, Piercy Jenny, Coffey Tracey J
Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006 Jul 15;112(1-2):2-11. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.03.007. Epub 2006 May 15.
Invading pathogens are controlled by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Adaptive immunity, mediated by B and T lymphocytes, recognises pathogens via high affinity receptors. However, the establishment of a primary adaptive immune response is not rapid enough to eradicate invading microorganisms as it involves cell proliferation, gene activation and protein synthesis. More rapid defence mechanisms are provided by innate immunity, which recognises invading pathogens by germ-line-encoded pattern recognition receptors. Recent evidence shows that this recognition can mainly be attributed to the family of TOLL-like receptors (TLR). Binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to TLR induces the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and up-regulates expression of co-stimulatory molecules, subsequently initiating the adaptive immunity. In this paper, we will discuss the current knowledge with regards to the TLR, and in particular the bovine family of TLR. In addition, we will show the expression of TLR mRNA in bovine antigen-presenting cell subsets, summarise the discovery and the critical roles of TLR2 in host defence against Mycobacteria, and provide evidence for a mycobacteria species-specific response of bovine macrophages.
入侵的病原体受到免疫系统先天性和适应性分支的控制。由B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞介导的适应性免疫通过高亲和力受体识别病原体。然而，初次适应性免疫反应的建立不够迅速，无法根除入侵的微生物，因为它涉及细胞增殖、基因激活和蛋白质合成。先天性免疫提供了更快的防御机制，它通过种系编码的模式识别受体识别入侵的病原体。最近的证据表明，这种识别主要可归因于Toll样受体（TLR）家族。病原体相关分子模式与TLR的结合诱导活性氧和氮中间体、促炎细胞因子的产生，并上调共刺激分子的表达，随后启动适应性免疫。在本文中，我们将讨论关于TLR的现有知识，特别是牛TLR家族。此外，我们将展示TLR mRNA在牛抗原呈递细胞亚群中的表达，总结TLR2在宿主抗分枝杆菌防御中的发现及其关键作用，并为牛巨噬细胞对分枝杆菌物种特异性反应提供证据。
