Hale Katherine A, Isaacs David
Department of Allergy, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia.
Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006 Jun;7(2):145-51. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2006.03.011. Epub 2006 May 30.
Pneumonia is one of the most common global childhood illnesses. The diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical judgement and radiological and laboratory investigations. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most important cause of childhood community-acquired pneumonia. In addition, viruses (including respiratory syncytial virus) and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma and Chlamydia) are likely pathogens in younger and older children in developed countries. In the minority of cases only, the actual organism is isolated to guide treatment. Antibiotics effective against the expected bacterial pathogens should be instituted where necessary. The route and duration of antibiotic therapy, the role of emerging pathogens and the impact of pneumococcal resistance and conjugate pneumococcal vaccines are also discussed.
肺炎是全球最常见的儿童疾病之一。诊断依赖于临床判断、影像学和实验室检查相结合。肺炎链球菌仍然是儿童社区获得性肺炎最重要的病因。此外，在发达国家，病毒（包括呼吸道合胞病毒）和非典型细菌（支原体和衣原体）可能是幼儿和大龄儿童的病原体。仅在少数情况下，才分离出实际病原体以指导治疗。必要时应使用对预期细菌病原体有效的抗生素。还讨论了抗生素治疗的途径和持续时间、新出现病原体的作用以及肺炎球菌耐药性和肺炎球菌结合疫苗的影响。
