Sensitive circular dichroism marker for the chromophore environment of photoactive yellow protein: assignment of the 307 and 318 nm bands to the n --> pi* transition of the carbonyl.

The absorption and CD spectra of wild-type PYP, apo-PYP, and the mutants, E46Q and M100A, were measured between 250 and 550 nm. At neutral pH, the two very weak absorption bands of wild-type PYP at 307 and 318 nm (epsilon(max) = 600 +/- 100 M(-1) cm(-1) at 318 nm) are associated with quite strong positive CD bands (Deltaepsilon(max) approximately 6.8 M(-1) cm(-1)). Both sets of bands are absent in the apoprotein. On the basis of this evidence, we assign these optical signals to the n --> pi* transition of the oxygen of the carbonyl group of the 4-hydroxycinnamic acid chromophore, which is expected to be electric dipole forbidden but magnetic dipole allowed. The progression of narrow bands at 307 and 318 nm with a shoulder in the CD around 329 nm is due to vibrational fine structure with a frequency of about 1050 +/- 50 cm(-1). This is the carbonyl stretch frequency in the electronically excited state and is well-known from the vibrational structure in the CD spectra of carbonyl compounds. The positive sign of the CD in the near UV is in accordance with the octant rule and the high-resolution X-ray structure, if we assume that the NH group of cysteine 69 to which the carbonyl is hydrogen bonded is the principle perturbant. Similar absorption and CD spectra were observed in the range of 300-340 nm for the mutants E46Q and M100A at neutral pH. Protonation of the trans chromophore by lowering the pH in the dark (without photoisomerization) broadens the 307 and 318 nm CD bands in the mutant E46Q but does not significantly affect their positions or alter their sign. For the long-lived I(2) photointermediate of the mutant M100A with protonated cis chromophore, we observed that the sign of the rotational strength in the 310-320 nm range is negative (i.e., opposite to that in the dark state with trans chromophore). This suggests that the light-induced isomerization of the chromophore, which leads to breaking of the hydrogen bond with the backbone amide of C69, brings the carbonyl into a new protein environment with different asymmetry than in the unbleached protein. The observed change in sign is mainly due to this effect, but a change in chromophore twist may also contribute. Thus, the 318 nm CD signal is a sensitive marker for the environment of the chromophore carbonyl, which samples various environments and configurations during the photocycle.