Zhen Jenny, Shoemaker Leslie, Riverson John, Alvi Khalid, Cheng Mow-Soung
Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2006;41(7):1391-403. doi: 10.1080/10934520600657172.
Best Management Practices (BMPs) are measures for mitigating nonpoint source (NPS) pollution caused mainly by stormwater runoff. Established urban and newly developing areas must develop cost effective means for restoring or minimizing impacts, and planning future growth. Prince George's County in Maryland, USA, a fast-growing region in the Washington, DC metropolitan area, has developed a number of tools to support analysis and decision making for stormwater management planning and design at the watershed level. These tools support watershed analysis, innovative BMPs, and optimization. Application of these tools can help achieve environmental goals and lead to significant cost savings. This project includes software development that utilizes GIS information and technology, integrates BMP processes simulation models, and applies system optimization techniques for BMP planning and selection. The system employs the ESRI ArcGIS as the platform, and provides GIS-based visualization and support for developing networks including sequences of land uses, BMPs, and stream reaches. The system also provides interfaces for BMP placement, BMP attribute data input, and decision optimization management. The system includes a stand-alone BMP simulation and evaluation module, which complements both research and regulatory nonpoint source control assessment efforts, and allows flexibility in the examining various BMP design alternatives. Process based simulation of BMPs provides a technique that is sensitive to local climate and rainfall patterns. The system incorporates a meta-heuristic optimization technique to find the most cost-effective BMP placement and implementation plan given a control target, or a fixed cost. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the Prince George's County system. The case study involves a highly urbanized area in the Anacostia River (a tributary to Potomac River) watershed southeast of Washington, DC. An innovative system of management practices is proposed to minimize runoff, improve water quality, and provide water reuse opportunities. Proposed management techniques include bioretention, green roof, and rooftop runoff collection (rain barrel) systems. The modeling system was used to identify the most cost-effective combinations of management practices to help minimize frequency and size of runoff events and resulting combined sewer overflows to the Anacostia River.
最佳管理实践（BMPs）是减轻主要由雨水径流造成的非点源（NPS）污染的措施。既有城市地区和新开发地区必须制定具有成本效益的方法来恢复或尽量减少影响，并规划未来的发展。美国马里兰州的乔治王子县是华盛顿特区大都市区一个快速发展的地区，已开发了多种工具，以支持流域层面雨水管理规划与设计的分析和决策制定。这些工具支持流域分析、创新的最佳管理实践以及优化。应用这些工具有助于实现环境目标并大幅节省成本。该项目包括软件开发，利用地理信息系统（GIS）信息和技术，整合最佳管理实践流程模拟模型，并将系统优化技术应用于最佳管理实践的规划和选择。该系统采用ESRI ArcGIS作为平台，并为开发包括土地利用序列、最佳管理实践和溪流河段的网络提供基于GIS的可视化和支持。该系统还提供最佳管理实践布置、最佳管理实践属性数据输入和决策优化管理的接口。该系统包括一个独立的最佳管理实践模拟与评估模块，它补充了研究和监管非点源控制评估工作，并在考察各种最佳管理实践设计方案时提供灵活性。基于过程的最佳管理实践模拟提供了一种对当地气候和降雨模式敏感的技术。该系统采用一种元启发式优化技术，在给定控制目标或固定成本的情况下，找到最具成本效益的最佳管理实践布置和实施方案。本文给出了一个案例研究，以展示乔治王子县系统的应用。该案例研究涉及华盛顿特区东南部阿纳科斯蒂亚河（波托马克河的一条支流）流域的一个高度城市化地区。提出了一种创新的管理实践系统，以尽量减少径流、改善水质并提供中水回用机会。提议的管理技术包括生物滞留、绿色屋顶和屋顶径流收集（雨水桶）系统。该建模系统用于确定最具成本效益的管理实践组合，以帮助尽量减少径流事件的频率和规模以及由此导致的阿纳科斯蒂亚河合流制溢流。
