Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, USA.
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Apr 1;511:298-308. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.077. Epub 2014 Dec 29.
The adverse influence of urban development on hydrology and water quality can be reduced by applying best management practices (BMPs) and low impact development (LID) practices. This study applied green roof, rain barrel/cistern, bioretention system, porous pavement, permeable patio, grass strip, grassed swale, wetland channel, retention pond, detention basin, and wetland basin, on Crooked Creek watershed. The model was calibrated and validated for annual runoff volume. A framework for simulating BMPs and LID practices at watershed scales was created, and the impacts of BMPs and LID practices on water quantity and water quality were evaluated with the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment-Low Impact Development 2.1 (L-THIA-LID 2.1) model for 16 scenarios. The various levels and combinations of BMPs/LID practices reduced runoff volume by 0 to 26.47%, Total Nitrogen (TN) by 0.30 to 34.20%, Total Phosphorus (TP) by 0.27 to 47.41%, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) by 0.33 to 53.59%, Lead (Pb) by 0.30 to 60.98%, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 0 to 26.70%, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 0 to 27.52%. The implementation of grass strips in 25% of the watershed where this practice could be applied was the most cost-efficient scenario, with cost per unit reduction of $1m3/yr for runoff, while cost for reductions of two pollutants of concern was $445 kg/yr for Total Nitrogen (TN) and $4871 kg/yr for Total Phosphorous (TP). The scenario with very high levels of BMP and LID practice adoption (scenario 15) reduced runoff volume and pollutant loads from 26.47% to 60.98%, and provided the greatest reduction in runoff volume and pollutant loads among all scenarios. However, this scenario was not as cost-efficient as most other scenarios. The L-THIA-LID 2.1 model is a valid tool that can be applied to various locations to help identify cost effective BMP/LID practice plans at watershed scales.
通过应用最佳管理实践 (BMP) 和低影响开发 (LID) 实践，可以减少城市发展对水文和水质的不利影响。本研究在 Crooked Creek 流域应用了绿色屋顶、雨水桶/蓄水池、生物滞留系统、多孔路面、透水庭院、草带、草沟、湿地渠道、滞留池、调蓄池和湿地池。该模型经过校准和验证，可用于模拟年径流量。创建了一个用于模拟流域尺度 BMP 和 LID 实践的框架，并使用长期水文影响评估-低影响开发 2.1 (L-THIA-LID 2.1) 模型评估了 16 种情景下 BMP 和 LID 实践对水量和水质的影响。BMP/LID 实践的不同水平和组合将径流量减少了 0 到 26.47%，总氮 (TN) 减少了 0.30 到 34.20%，总磷 (TP) 减少了 0.27 到 47.41%，总悬浮固体 (TSS) 减少了 0.33 到 53.59%，铅 (Pb) 减少了 0.30 到 60.98%，生化需氧量 (BOD) 减少了 0 到 26.70%，化学需氧量 (COD) 减少了 0 到 27.52%。在流域 25%的可应用区域实施草带是最具成本效益的情景，每单位减少 1m3/yr 的径流量的成本为 1 美元，而对于两种关注污染物的减少，每单位减少的总成本分别为 TN 445 千克/yr 和 TP 4871 千克/yr。BMP 和 LID 实践采用率非常高的情景（情景 15）减少了 26.47%到 60.98%的径流量和污染物负荷，并在所有情景中提供了最大的径流量和污染物负荷减少。然而，与大多数其他情景相比，该情景的成本效益并不高。L-THIA-LID 2.1 模型是一种有效的工具，可应用于不同地点，以帮助在流域尺度上确定具有成本效益的 BMP/LID 实践计划。
